494 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XVI. No. 404. 



happen to represent. These series may be 

 called culture-history, or culture-develop- 

 ment series, and although they are not true 

 genetic series, since the forms cannot be 

 said to have arisen one out of another, they 

 may in a general way stand for the genetic 

 order, suggesting forcibly the manner in 

 which one step necessarily gave rise to an- 

 other from the lowest to the highest 

 throughout all culture history. 



These culture history series may be 

 numerous and extremely varied in charac- 

 ter. They may be mere synopses, giving 

 only the great or epoch-making steps of 

 progress, or they may embody many objects 

 brought together from every part of the 

 world. The curator may select only those 

 branches susceptible of ready and effective 

 Illustration, the steps of progress being 

 represented by the tools, utensils and de- 

 vices eniploj^ed in the practice of the art, 

 or by the products where such exist. 



A number of the more important series 

 are included in the list which follows, where 

 they are classified under a dozen or more 

 heads. A majority of these series are now 

 included in the exhibits of the National 

 Museum. 



In the first group are placed all those 

 activities whose function is that of acquir- 

 ing or producing the raw materials of sub- 

 sistence or culture. 



1. Plant gathering, agriculture, horticulture, 

 forestry, etc. Illustrated by the implements and 

 utensils used in { a. ) collecting, ( h ) cultivating the 

 soil, (e) harvesting the crops. 



2. Hunting and fishing and zooculture. Illus- 

 trated by (a) weapons, (6) traps and snares, (c) 

 hooks and tackle, (d) appliances of domestica- 

 tion and culture. 



3. Mineral collecting, quarrying and mining. 

 Illustrated by mining implements and machinery. 



In the second group are included the 

 activities that prepare the raw materials 

 for use, a few of which are as follows : 



1. The building arts. Illustrated by (a) mod- 

 els of the house, (6) models of furniture, (c) 



models of water craft, (d) models of machinery, 

 (e) devices used in construction. 



2. The textile arts. Illustrated by (o) basket- 

 ry-making appliances and products, (6) spin- 

 ning appliances, and products, (c) the loom and 

 loom products, (d) sewing and netting appliances, 

 and products. 



3. The sculptural arts. Illustrated by (a) 

 implements for shaping stone, and products, (6) 

 implements for carving wood, and products. 



4. The plastic arts. Illustrated by (o) imple- 

 ments for modeling in clay, wax and other plas- 

 tic substances, and products, (6) utensils and ap- 

 pliances for glass-making, and products. 



5. The metallurgie arts. Illustrated by (o) 

 metal-producing appliances, (6) metal-shaping 

 tools and utensils, and products. 



6. The graphic arts. Illustrated by (a) draw- 

 ing and painting, (6) writing, (c) engraving, (d) 

 printing, (e) photography. (Appliances and 

 products in each case.) 



7. Food-preparing arts. Illustrated by (a) 

 contrivance for milling, ( h ) cooking appliances. 



In the third group are the arts employ- 

 ing natural forces, as: 



1. Tlie use of light and heat. Illustrated by 

 (a) devices for striking fire, (6) lighting appli- 

 ances, (c) heating appliances. 



2. Use of animal power. Illustrated by (a) 

 devices for harnessing men, (6) devices for har- 

 nessing animals. 



3. Use of water power. Illustrated by (a) 

 water-wheel, (b) the hydraulic engine. 



4. Use of wind power. Illustrated by (a) the 

 sail, (6) the wind-mill, (c) the kite, (d) the 

 flying-machine. 



5. Use of steam power. Illustrated by the 

 steam-engine. 



6. Use of electric power. Illustrated by (a) 

 the magnet, (6) telegraphic transmitters, receiv- 

 ers and insulators, (c) telephone apparatus, (d) 

 the motor. 



In the fourth group are implements of 

 general use. Illustrated by (a) the ham- 

 mer, (&) the knife, (c) the scraper, (d) 

 the saw, (e) the ax, (/) the adz, (gr) the 

 drill, etc. 



In the fifth group are the metric arts : 



1. Counting. Illustrated by tallies and com- 

 puting devices. 



2. Time-keeping. Illustrated by (a) sun-dials, 

 (6) hour-glasses, (c) watches and clocks, (d) 

 chronographs. 



