February 6, 1891.] 



SCIENCE. 



81 



mountain, a warm saturated air is continually rushing up the side 

 of the mountain, and the temperature must necessarily rise as 

 long as the rain is formed. 



I have projected in curves all the temperature observations at 

 Pike's Peak for the hundred and thirty-six months during which 

 at least .75 of an inch of rain fell. There were thirty-eight 

 months, in all, in each of which less than that amount fell. A 

 very slight diurnal range was eliminated in the manner already 

 indicated many times. Then the precipitation for each eight 

 hours was placed upon the curve of temperature, and the condi- 

 tion of the temperature and precipitation was taken out under 

 three heads, — first with rising, second with stationary, third with 

 falling, temperature. The results for eacli month are given in 

 the following table: — 



Pike's Peak Precipitation and Temperature. 



January... 

 February . . 



March 



AprU 



May 



June 



July 



August 



September. 

 October.... 

 November. 

 December . 



Tear ... 



Tempbbatukb. 



Kising. 



3.38 

 3.22 

 5.24 

 13.84 

 14.68 

 7.11 

 17.48 

 10.38 

 4.48 

 4.41 

 4 29 

 3.09 



91.60 



6.17 

 16.17 

 20.11 

 6.53 

 16.05 

 15.32 

 5.37 

 4 63 

 6.88 

 3.11 



13.40 

 10.27 

 19.31 

 26.13 

 19.98 

 12.66 

 28.49 

 29.19 

 12.69 

 9.09 

 14.34 

 12.26 



207.81 



No one can be more surprised than the present writer at this 

 extraordinary result, so contrary to ill preconceived theories. 

 We find that on the average more than half the rain occurs with 

 a falling temperature. It seems probable, however, that in gen- 

 eral the rain is independent of the temperature. While it might 

 be thought that a falling temperature in a saturated air would 

 tend to produce precipitation, yet such is by no means the fact. 

 There are many cases in which a fall of from ten to fifteen de- 

 grees Fahrenheit has occurred in a saturated air without any cor- 

 responding rainfall. Whatever may be thought of these facts, 

 there is one point that is certainly made perfectly clear in this 

 discussion, and that is that the temperature in a column of air in 

 which rain is falling is not higher than that of the surrounding 

 region. 



It is probable that some will think there is a contradiction be- 

 tween the results here presented and those given several times 

 before, especially in this .journal for Sept. 5, 1890, but I think 

 this is only a seeming contradiction. While the great bulk of the 

 rain in the eastern part of the country occurs with a rising tem- 

 perature at the earth's surface, yet I have shown, that, during the 

 passage of storms and high areas, the temperature in the upper 

 air changes several hours earlier than at the earth (in the case of 

 Mount Washington five to ten hours earlier) ; so that there may 

 easily be a falling temperature where the rain is formed. Several 

 months of observations at Mount Washington have shown prac- 

 tically the same result as at Pike's Peak. 



For several years I have contended that there is absolutely no 

 proof of an ascending current in the centre of our storms, or even 

 where rain is falling. It seems as though the present discussion 

 must be regarded as a culminating point, and a perfectly satisfac- 

 tory disproof of such ascending current. H. A. Hazen. 



Washington, Jan. 26. 



BOOK-REVIEWS. 

 Socialism New and Old. By William Graham. (International 

 Scientific Series.) New York, Appleton. 12°. 



This is an interesting work. It is written in a more attractive 

 style than that of most economic treatises, and bears the marks 

 of study and thought as well as of a philanthropic spirit. It opens 

 with a statement of what socialism is, its various forms being 

 recognized and defined, with special attention to what is now the 

 leading form of it, that known as collectivism, or nationalism, 

 according to which the State is to be the owner of all the instru- 

 ments of production, while private property in other things is to 

 remain undisturbed. The author then sketches the history of 

 socialism with special reference to the evolution of the contem- 

 porary forms of it, and showing the various contributions of 

 Rousseau, St. Simon. Marx, and others to the doctrine as it is to- 

 day. He then goes into an elaborate discussion and criticism of 

 the proposed socialistic or collectivist state, pointing out the re- 

 spects in which it would be sure to faU, as well as others in which 

 its success would be very doubtful. The main objection he 

 makes, and one that he rightly deems insurmountable, is the im- 

 possibility of determining the relative rates of wages of the diflfer- 

 ent classes of workers in the socialistic state. He has no difficulty 

 in showing that equality of payment would be impracticable, 

 since the more skilful workmen and the abler managers could not 

 be induced to put forth their best efforts except for relatively 

 higher pay ; while, on the other hand, there is no possible way to 

 determine how much higher the pay ought in justice to be. 

 Other objections, such as the impossibility of applying the collec- 

 tivist scheme to foreign trade, the lack of personal liberty under a 

 socialistic regime, and the difficulty of providing for intellectual 

 workers, are also emphasized ; and the conclusion is that the at- 

 tempt to introduce the system "would bring chaos, and 'con- 

 fusion worse confounded,' until human nature rose in revolt 

 against the impossible thing." 



But while Mr. Graham is no collectivist, he maintains that the 

 condition of the laboring classes can be bettered, and ought to be 

 bettered, and that the Slate ought to do it ; yet he seems at a loss 

 with regard to the means. He has some chapters on ' ' practicable 

 socialism," in which he advocates several measures of a more or 

 less socialistic character, such as State loans to co-operative 

 societies, allotments of land to laborers, and purchase of city lands 

 by the municipalities, all more or less objectionable, and, as it 

 seems to us, promising but little real benefit to the poor. Mr. 

 Graham, in short, is more successful as a critic of socialism than 

 as a constructive social reformer ; the most useful suggestion be 

 makes being that of giving all classes the means of getting a good 

 education in order to equalize opportunities, — a suggestion, how- 

 ever that is not new. In his last chapter he discusses the sup- 

 posed present tendency toward socialism, expressing the opinion 

 that such tendency is overrated, and that counter tendencies are 

 at work which will nullify the socialistic movement. Altogether, 

 Mr. Graham has given us a useful discussion, and one that de- 

 serves to be read by all who are interested in the subject. 



AMONG THE PUBLISHERS. 

 Henry Holt & Co. have just ready "Told After Supper," a 

 series of brief burlesque ghost-stories by Jerome K. Jerome. 

 Although represented as told in good faith by their narrators, the 

 reader is sometimes let into a hint of realistic explanation which 

 gives the touch of good-natured satire characteristic of the author. 



— Benjamin R. Tucker, Boston, has just ready " Church and 

 State," a new volume of essays on social problems, by Count Leo 

 Tolstoi, translated directly from Tolstoi's manuscript. It was 

 written several years ago, but has thus far been kept in manu- 

 script. 



— Roberts Brothers will publish Feb. 10 the following: "Petrarch, 

 his Life and Works," by May Alden Ward (author of a similar 

 work on Dante), a clear and well-written sketch, in which the 

 subject is considered as the precursor of the Renaissance, and as 

 one of the great triumvirate that created the Italian language and 

 inaugurated its literature ; and a volume entitled ' ' Power through 



