February 13, 1891.] 



SCIENCE. 



87 



With regard to the other New England States, we do not at 

 present possess many data. In De Forest's " History of the 

 Indians of Connecticut," we find the following notices: — 



■'A few of this clan [the Milford band of the Paugusset 

 or Wepawaug Indians] still [1849] live on about ten acres of 

 land at Turkey Hill. The family name is Hatchett; they are 

 mixed with negro blood ; and they are all poor, degraded 

 and miserable" (p. 356). "The tribe [the Golden Hill 

 Paugussets] now [circa 18S0] numbers two squaws, who live 

 in an irregular connection with negroes, and six half-breed 

 children, all of whom are grown up but one. They are in- 

 temperate, but have been of about the same number for 

 many years. Their family name is Sherman " (p. 357). 



" In 1832 the Groton Pequots numbered about forty per- 

 sons of both sexes and all ages. They were considerably 

 mixed with white and negro blood, but still possessed a feel- 

 ing of clanship, and still preserved their ancient hatred for 

 the Mohegans" (p. 443). 



Of the Indians in Ledyard who are idle and given to 

 drink, it is said (p. 445), "None of the pure Pequot race are 

 left, all being mixed with Indians of other tribes or with 

 whites and negroes. One little girl among them has blue 

 eyes and light hair, and her skin is fairer than that of the 

 majority of white persons. There is no such thing as regu- 

 lar marriage amongst them. In numbers they do not in- 

 crease, and, if any thing, diminish. The community, like 

 all of the same kind in the State, is noted for its wandering 

 propensities, some or other of its members being almost con- 

 tinually on the stroll around Ledyard and the neighboring 

 townships. From a fellow-feeling, therefore, they are ex- 

 tremely hospitable to all vagabonds, receiving without 

 hesitation all that come to them, whether white, mulatto, or 

 negro." 



When we arrive at Long Island, we reach another point 

 of miscegenation. Speaking of East-Hampton Town, Mr. 

 William Wallace Tooker says,' "In regard to the degen- 

 erated remnant of the [Montauk] tribe now residing within 

 the limits of the township, recognized by their characteristic 

 aboriginal featiires, mixed with negro, we would say that 

 they have no knowledge of their native language, traditions, 

 or customs, all have been lost or forgotten, years ago." Of 

 the Shinnacooks, Professor A. S. Gatschet remarks,^ " The 

 Shinnacook Indians are a tribe living on the southern shore 

 of Long Island, New York State, where they have a reserva- 

 tion upon a peninsula projecting into Shinnacook Bay. 

 There are 150 individuals now going under this name, but 

 they are nearly all mixed with negro blood, dating from the 

 times of slavery in the Northern States." 



Proceeding along the Atlantic coast southward, we reach 

 the region of the Chesapeake before we again meet with defi- 

 nite traces of negro-Indian intermixture. A very interesting 

 discovery of Dr. Brinton's ' belongs here. In a manuscript 

 of Pyrlaeus, the missionary to the Mokawks, dating from 

 1780, are given the numerals 1-10 in a language styled 

 "Nanticoke." Dr. Brinton, noticing the un-American and 

 non-Algonquian aspect of these words, was led to the conclu- 

 sion that "Pyrlseus . . . had met a runaway slave among 

 theNanticokes, and through him, or through some half-Indian 

 half-negro, had obtained avocabularyof some African dialect." 



» ludian Place-Names in East-Hampton Town, mth their Probable Signifi- 

 cations (Sag Harbor, 1889), p. iv. 



2 American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, November, 1889, p. 390. 



3 "On Certain Supposed Nanticoke Words shown to be African^' (American 

 Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, 1887, pp. 350-85J, especially 332). In the table 

 given above there have been added for further comparison the Staliuke nu- 

 merals as given by Dr. Tautin in the Revue de Linguistique et de Philologie 

 Compar6e, vol. xx. (1887), p. 141. 



The correctness of this conclusion is seen at a glance from 

 the comparative table of the pseudo-Nanticoke and the Man- 

 dingo of MUller given by Dr. Brinton: — 



This curious fact that Dr. Brinton has brought to light 

 may perhaps be paralleled by others yet to be discovered in 

 the future, when the whole history of the origin of the vari- 

 ous tribes of African immigrants into America comes to be 

 written. 



With regard to Virginia, we have the evidence of Peter 

 Kalm,' as follows: " In the year 1620, some negroes were 

 brought to North America in a Dutch ship, and in Virginia 

 they bought twenty of them. These are said to have been 

 the first that came hither. When the Indians, who were 

 then more numerous in the country than at present, saw 

 these black people for the first time, they thought they were 

 a true breed of devils, and therefore they called them Manitto 

 for a great while, the word in their language signifying not 

 only 'god,' but also 'devil.' . . . But since that time they have 

 entertained less disagreeable notions of the negroes, for at 

 present many live among them, and they even sometimes 

 intermarry, as I myself have seen." 



Thomas Jefi'erson, in his " Notes on the State of Virginia,"* 

 says of the Mattapony Indians of that State, " There remains 

 of the Mattaponies three or four men only, and have more 

 negro than Indian blood in ttem." 



Mr. G. A. Townsend^ observes, concerning the Indians 

 of the Chesapeake Peninsula, "In this [Dorchester] county, 

 at Indian Creek, some of the last Indians of the peninsula 

 struck their wigwams towards the close of the last century, 

 and there are now no full-blooded aborigines on the Eastern 

 shore, although many of the free-born negroes show Indian 

 traces." 



Enslavement of negroes by Indians (especially Cherokees) 

 appears to have taken place in several of the South Atlantic 

 States, and it is not unlikely that considerable miscegenation 

 there occurred. Mr. McDonald Furman,* in a note on 

 "Negro Slavery among the South Carolina Indians,'' notes 

 the mention, in the South Carolina Gazette, in the year 

 1748, of a " negro fellow " who had been sold by his former 

 master to the Pedee Indians, from whom he was afterwards 

 taken by the Catawbas ; and in endeavoring to escape from 

 the latter he was lost in the woods. This fact is of value in 

 connection with the discovery of Dr. Brinton, refen-ed to 

 above. 



In Hancock County, Tenn., there are to be found a pecul- 

 iar people, who formerly resided in North Carolina. Ac- 

 cording to Dr. Burnett.^ the current belief regarding them is 

 that " they were a mixture of the white, ludian, and negro; " 

 but nothing certain appears to be known about them. They 



' In Pinkerton, vol. siii. p. 602. 



2 Ed. Philadelphia, 18-23, p. 130. ' 



' Scribner's Magazine. 1871-73. p. 518. 



■1 American Antiquaiian and Oriental Journal, vol. xii. p. 177: see also West, 

 Status of the Negro in Virginia during the Colonial Period (1890), p. 'iS. 



^ See "A Note on the Melungeons" (American Anthropologist, vol. ii. pp* 

 347-349). 



