]8o 



SCIENCE. 



[Vol. XVII. No. '425 



throughout his book. In discussing the relations of mind and 

 body, he rejects both spiritualism and materialism, and maintains 

 the doctrine that matter and spirit are the two aspects of some 

 third entity different from either ; yet he is obliged to confess that 

 no such third substance is known to us, so that the assumption of 

 its existence seems to be only a way of evading a difficulty. In 

 dealing with ideas and feelings, he endeavors, like other associa- 

 tionists, to derive them all from sensation; but, as the more im- 

 portant of them refuse to lend themselves to this interpretation, 

 be is obliged to assume a •' mental chemistry'' by which sensa- 

 tions are transmuted into something radically different from 

 themselves. Yet he gives no proof that any such transmutation 

 ever takes place, so that this theory also is merely a way of evading 

 a problem which the association principle cannot solve. In spite, 

 however, of his predilection for the association principle, he is not 

 able to adhere to it rigidly, but adopts some views that are incon- 

 sistent with it. This is specially apparent in his account of our 

 notion of space, which he thinks cannot be explained by sensation 

 and association ; so that, after discussing the various theories, he 

 ends by adopting one not essentially different from that of Kant. 

 In short, Professor Hoffding's work reflects the present unsettled 

 and sceptical state of philosophy; and it is safe to say that such a 

 work could not have been written thirty years ago, and that no 

 such work will be written thirty years hence. Nevertheless, there 

 is much in it that students of the subject will like to read, and it 



will doubtless stimulate thought in many who disagree with its 

 conclusions. 



Chapters on the Theory and History of Banking. By Charles 

 F. DUNBAE. - New York, Putnam. 12°. |1.35. 



This is an excellent book. It was originally prepared as a 

 course of lectures to college students, and throughout the work 

 the wants of beginners are kept in mind. Yet it is by no means 

 confined to the mere rudiments of the subject, but contains about 

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 Dunbar begins with the simplest cases of deposit and discount, 

 and then proceeds to explain all the operations commonly carried 

 on by banks, including the various kinds of loans and the issue of 

 notes; and he succeeds in making the subject plainer than we 

 have ever seen it made before. He devotes some space to show- 

 ing the real character of the transaction known as discounting 

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 and deposits. Numerous brief examples of banking accounts 

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 retical passages come several chapters on the history of banking, 

 beginning with the Bank of Amsterdam, and tracing the outlines 

 of the subject tothe present day. The Banks of England, France, 

 and Germany, with the peculiai'ities of each, are described, and 



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