May I, 1891.] 



SCIENCE. 



247 



the degree of elaboration of the sense data. The same act may be 

 accomplished by practical insight and by reasoned inference, but 

 the grade of the processes be markedly different. The monkey 

 that unscrews the hearth-brush from its handle doesn't discover 

 the principle of the screw, but simply observes that certain ac- 

 tions lead to certain ends. This higher conceptual form of rea- 

 son Mr. Morgan denies to animals; but, while "contending that 

 intelligence is not reason, I [do not] wish in any way to dispar- 

 age Intelligence. Nine- tenths, at least, of the actions of average 

 men are intelligent and not rational. Do we not all of us know 

 hundreds of jji-actical men who are in the highest degree intelli- 

 gent, but in whom the rational analytic faculty is but little de- 

 veloped? Is it any injustice to the brutes to contend that their 

 inferences are of the same order as those of these excellent practi- 

 cal folk ? " 



But intelligence is not the only factor in life, and indeed is 

 always dependent upon some sensible, some emotional state; 

 while its existence is evidenced only by some expression, some 

 exercise of a'motor activity. The origin and function of pleasure 

 and pain, the relation between the emotions and their expression, 

 the difficulty of appreciating how far and in what way animals 

 are sensitive to pain (and many striking examples of apparent in- 

 sensibility are given), the relative dignity and distribution of 

 various typical emotions, to what extent the more intellectual 

 and moral emotions may be present, — these are the points 

 most fully considered. So, too, on the motor side are considered 

 the various forms and grades of response to stimuli by which 

 intelligence is manifested. What on the intellectual side is 

 f irmulated as the distinction between intelligence and reason, on 

 the motor side becomes instinct and rational habit. The far 

 greater share which frequently repeated acts occupy in the lower 

 animals, the earlier age at which in the lower animals these in- 

 stincts emerge, the persistency with which they seek expression 

 even under ridiculously inappropriate conditions, are some of the 

 traits of importance in this regard. If there is one problem in 

 comparative psychology upon which there are as many minds as 

 there are men, it is that of instinct; and Mr. Morgan very natu- 

 rally devotes some space in bringing out his own views and criti- 

 cising those of others, more particularly in showing his agreement 

 and points of dissension from Mr. Romanes. The final chapter 

 of the volume deals with mental evolution as a whole, and with 

 a philosophical expression of the relation of the subject to the 

 object, of the act of intelligence to the objective source of sen- 

 tience. Under the former head we have a clear and common- 

 sense statement of the value and difficulties of appreciating the 

 various and graded forms of mind, the continuous hierarchy of 

 psychological stages. Under the latter Mr. Morgan states his 

 monistic philosophy, his belief that there is one something show- 

 ing two aspects, the physical and the psychological. The one 

 deals with the physical forms of energy (kinesis) ; the forms 

 exhibited by the other may then be called " metakinesis; " and, 

 " according to the monistic hypothesis, kinesis and metakinesis 

 are co-ordinate. The physiologist may explain all the activities 

 of men and animals in terms of kinesis. The psychologist may 

 explain all the thoughts and emotions of man in terms of meta- 

 kinesis. They are studying the different phenomenal aspects of 

 the same noumenal sequences." 



When leaving the book, we do so with the conviction that it 

 will take an important place in the literature of biology and psy- 

 chology, by reason of the timeliness and good perspective of its 

 chapters, by the clearness and many-sidedness of its expositions, 

 by the suggestiveness and stimulus of its main position. Though 

 containing much that is sure to require modification in the near 

 future, and also considerable that is personal opinion rather than 

 demonstrated truth, the volume may be cordially recommended 

 as a most satisfactory way of approach to modern biological 

 psychology. 



In the New England Magazine for May, 1891, appear, among 

 other matter, " The Notes of Some New England Birds," by 

 Simeon Pease Cheney; "The Alaskan Fur Trade," by Charles 

 Hallook ; and '- The Oldest House in Washington " (illustrated), 

 by Milton T. Adkins. 



AMONG THE PUBLISHERS. 

 The eleventh part of Edwards's " Butterflies of North Amer- 

 ica," just issued, is in every way equal to its predecessors. For 

 the fu'st time in this third series, each of the three large quarto 

 plates, with the accompanying text, is given up to a single and 

 relatively little known species of butterfly; two of them to species 

 of Satyrince, a group which nowhere in the world has found so 

 complete a treatment as in America, at the hands of our author. 

 Excepting for the intermediate larval stages of Satyrus meadii, 

 every single stage of the creature's life is represented, usually by 

 more than a single figure, and all in that exquisite and finely ex- 

 act style we have become accustomed to in this work, but which 

 can never be too highly praised or too fully appreciated. Such 

 illustrations lie at the very foundation of the exact knowledge of 

 butterflies, and are the key to any proper understanding of their 

 real relationships. The butterflies treated of are Apatura flora, 

 Satyrus meadii, and Chionobas chryxiis, all of them living from 

 five hundred to a thousand or two miles from Mr. Edwards's home, 

 where they were bred and studied. This shows at once the op- 

 portunities to be overtaken by any zealous student, and renders 

 possible thorough acquaintance with our entire fauna. Mr. Ed- 

 wards hints here and there at some of the difficulties of the work, 

 to have overcome which, even pai-tially, in the case of such dis- 

 tant and secluded insects as this Satyrus and this Chionobas, is a 

 high merit indeed. Apatura flora is an inhabitant of our extreme 

 southei'n border ; Satyrus meadii lives at moderate altitudes in 

 restricted localities in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Mon- 

 tana ; and Chionobas Chryxiis at higher elevations in the Rocky 

 Mountains from Colorado to British America, and, if with Mr. 

 Edwards we include Calais in the species, also across the continent 

 in the higher north. In all three species the caterpillars hibernate 

 in early life; but the history of the species as given here presents 

 nothing of unusual interest, and closely resembles that of their 

 nearest allies. Eighty-one figures, most of them colored and 

 many much magnified, are given on the three plates. 



— Julius Bien & Co., New York City, announce that they will 

 publish an " Atlas of the State of New York," provided sufficient 

 encouragement is secured to warrant so costly an undertaking. 

 Among the proposed features of the work are these : a general 

 map of the State, exhibiting county and town boundaries, etc., 

 railroads, canals, and all important cities and towns ; temperature 

 and rainfall maps ; detailed maps of the counties, sixty in number, 

 showing public roads, rivers, lakes, city and township boundaries, 

 etc. ; railroad lines and stations; street maps, on a large scale, of 

 the principal cities; lines of original land patents; an alphabetical 

 list of counties, townships, cities, and villages, with population 

 from last census, and an enumeration of all post-offices. 



— Professor F. M. Taylor of Michigan University will shortly 

 publish in the " Proceedings of the American Academy of Politi- 

 cal and Social Science" an article on "Natural Law," which 

 deserves the attention of every one interested in political ques- 

 tions. The author joins issue with the current notions on that 

 subject, and attempts to show how true the popular instinct is 

 which prompts a man to defend his elementary rights, if need be, 

 by force. 



— There is announced to appear soon the first number of the 

 Pantobiblion, a monthly international bibliographical review of 

 the world's scientific literature. In the words of the prospectus, 

 "The purpose of this new monthly is to help the literary men of 

 any department concerned with the applied sciences generally. 

 and particularly those devoted to any technical studies of any 

 specialty, to be promptly, exactly, and completely informed of 

 the correspondent branch of current scientific literature, and to 

 keep pace with the times as regards the advancement of applied 

 sciences, and especially of technics and engineering of every sort." 

 The editor of the Pantobiblion is A. Kersha, civil engineer, Fon- 

 tanka 64, St. Petersburg, Russia. American subscription orders 

 may be addressed to Messrs. D. Appleton & Co , New York. 



— The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, announces for early pub- 

 lication " American Oyster-Culture with Special Reference to the 

 Past and Future of the Oyster Interest of Maryland," a popular 



