54 



SCIENCE. 



[Vol. XVIII. No 442 



more shallow, its anterior boundary, formed by the inferior root 

 of the zygoma, being scarcely developed, allowing greater free- 

 dom for the antero-posterior movement of the articulation of the 

 mandible. 



In comparing the skull of the male gorilla with that of man, — 

 a male negro, for example,, — we shall find the jugal arch of the 

 former to be built upon a vastly stronger plan, both the squamo- 

 sal and the malar presenting different forms and proportions. 

 The squamosal is as long and vertically as wide as the malar por- 

 tion of the arch, while its upper border rises into an angular 

 form, constituting a very marked convexity, no trace of which is 

 to be seen in the negro. In the latter the jugal portion of the 

 arch decreases in depth after leaving the body of the bone, where- 

 as in the gorilla it continues of the same depth and is also longer. 



In the orang, the horizontal curvature of the arch is greatly 

 produced, and strongly developed at the portion corresponding to 

 the malar-squamosal suture. Its inferior border is flattened and 

 thickened. The vertical curvature, however, is not so great, 

 while the channel for the temporal muscle is relatively wider than 

 it is in the gorilla. The crests and ridges of the cranium, espe- 

 cially in the male, express the great energy of this muscle, al- 

 though the general outline of the arch is far less massive than in 

 the latter ape. 



The jugal arch of the chimpanzee's cranium presents much re- 

 semblance to that of man, being narrow, and with slight curva- 

 ture either horizontal or vertical. The malar is anteriorly flatter, 



and its orbital process is longer and narrower at its base. The 

 extent of surface for the development of the temporal muscle is 

 greater than in man, and the width of the channel relatively in- 

 creased. 



The slight modifications observed in the jugal arch of the gib- 

 bons (Hylobates) exhibit a distinct tendency to those showrt 

 in the lower type of the Simiana. the monkeys. In these 

 last, the old-world monkeys (Catarrliinoe), the arch takes on a 

 sigmoidal curvature, thus presenting upon its superior bor- 

 der a slight convexity behind and a corresponding concavity an- 

 teriorly. The extent of this curvature varies in different groups. 

 In the new-world monkey {Platarrhince) the post glenoid process 

 of the squamosal is largely increased, while the remarkable extent 

 of the ascending portion of the ramus, both vertical and antero- 

 posterior, has reference to the great development of the vocal or- 

 gans in the howling monkeys (Mycetes) rather than to any unusual 

 energy of the masticatory muscles. 



In the Lemuroklea, the family of the common lemurs {Lemuri- 

 nce.) have an arch which in most cases is nearly straight, narrow, 

 long, and distinguished by a malar-squamosal suture which is 

 almost horizontal in direction, the amount of the overlapping of 

 the jugal by the lengthened process of the squamosal being excep- 

 tional, whUe in some cases the jugal is partially underlapped by a 

 process from the maxillary. 



In studying the significance of the jugal arch as presented in 

 the primates, although the modifications exhibited in some groups 



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