August 7, 1891.] 



SCIENCE. 



work, but in the appendix be gives a iew words to the subject in 

 reply to a critic ; yet he shows but a vague conception of what 

 the problem is, and fails as completely as Mill did to solve it. 



From the nature of Mr. Spencer's " formula of justice " it will 

 be inferred that bis work relates mainly to legal and political jus- 

 tice, and this is the case. Having obtained his formula, he pro- 

 ceeds to deduce from it the principal legal rights that men enjoy 

 in civilized society, such as the right to physical integrity, the 

 right of property, the right of free motion and locomotion, the 

 right of free speech, etc. ; and though his deduction is not in all 

 cases quite satisfactory even to himself, it is in the main a success, 

 except, as above stated, in the case of children. He next pro- 

 ceeds to deal with the constitution and functions of the state, and 

 devotes several chapters to a reiteration of his views on the proper 

 limits of state interference with the liberty of the individual, but 

 without presenting anything new. Mr. Spencer's work will be 

 welcomed by those who agree with his extreme individualistic 

 views ; but we doubt if it will contribute much to the ethics of 

 the future. 



AMONG THE PUBLISHERS. 



The J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, announce as in 

 press " The Natural History of Man, and the Rise and Progress of 

 Philosophy," a series of lectures delivered by Alexander Kinmont, 

 A.M. 



— Professor Arthur Sherburne Hardy has gone abroad for a 

 year, and may, perhaps, go round the world. 



— Professor Lyon G. Tyler of William and Mary College has in 

 contemplation a political history of Virginia, for which he has 

 ah-eady accumulated a large amount of material. 



— H. H. Johnston is writing a book on Livingtone and Central 

 African exploration, which will be illustrated from original draw- 

 ings by Mr. Johnston and from photographs. 



— "I desire to enter a plea for the child," says Henry Sabin in 

 his book, " Organism and System " (Bardeen) ; " to recall the al- 

 most forgotten fact that the supreme object of the child's educa- 

 tion is the child himself. Organization and system are but rpeans 

 to an end. ' What is the machine for? ' finds its answer in the 

 value of the product." 



— The article upon "University Extension and its Leaders," 

 which Professor Herbert B. Adams of the Johns Hopkins Univer- 

 sity prepared for the July number of the Review of Reviews, has 

 been honored by receiving the first prize offered by the regents of 

 the University of New York for an article upon university ex- 

 tension. The English edition of the Review last year offered a 

 prize of $1,500 as a three-year college scholarship to the English 

 girl who should pass the best examination in contemporary his- 

 tory and politics, the examination to be based upon articles and 

 discussions appearing in the Review from January to December, 

 1890, inclusive. The award has recently been made, and in the 

 American edition of the Review for August there appears an ac- 

 count of tlie prize and its award, together with portraits of the 

 two young ladies between whom the first prize was divided, and 

 of two others who won the second and third prizes. The " Prog- 

 ress of the World," in the August number, opens with a discussion 

 of Chicago and the World's Fair, from the pen of Dr. Albert 

 Shaw. 



— The recent issues of the " Papers of the American Historical 

 Association " contain some articles of interest. The double num- 

 ber for January and April has a paper by Mr. John Jay on the 

 " Demand for Education in American History," in which he pre- 

 sents the well-known arguments for the necessity of such educa- 

 tion, but without adding anything new. Mr. Charles M. An- 

 drews discusses ''The Theory of the Village Community" in a 

 way that will not be gratifying to the school of Freeman and 

 Maine ; for he shows their views as the democratic constitution 

 of the early communities has no real basis in fact and very little 

 support from analogy. Mr. W. H. Mace has an article on the 

 " Organization of Historical Material," which will doubtless be 



suggestive to young historians, though it contains nothing spe- 

 cially novel. There is also an interesting paper on Bismarck's 

 career, with others on various topics. The July number contains 

 a long and elaborate account of " The Fate of Dietrich Flade," 

 who was a judge in the Rhenish town of Trier, and was put to 

 death in 1589 for the then heinous crime of witchcraft. Professor 

 Burr m this article, however, makes it pretty certain from newly 

 discovered evidence that Flade's death was really due to the mal- 

 ice of his personal enemies. This number also has articles en- 

 titled "The Philosophic Aspects of History" and " Is History a 

 Science," neither of which sheds much light on the subject, and 

 closes with a paper by Mr. J. G. Bourinot on "Canada and the 

 United States," in which the author takes strong ground against 

 annexation. The "Papers" are published by Putnam at four 

 dollars a year. 



— Messrs. MacmUlan & Co. announce that they are now issuing 

 a new edition of " The Cambridge Shakespeare." This well- 

 known text was originally published in 1863-6. It has been for 

 many years out of print, and second-hand copies have only been 

 procurable at high prices. A new and revised edition has long 

 been contemplated, but has been postponed in order that Mr. W. 

 Aldis Wright (the surviving editor) might go carefully over the 

 whole work in the light of the most recent textual criticism of 

 Shakespeare. This has now been done, and it is hoped that the 

 Cambridge edition, which may now be considered as in its final 

 form, may be found most satisfactory. 



— Messrs. Funk & Wagnalls. publishers, announce that their 

 new " Standard Dictionary of the English Language" will proba- 

 bly be issued early in 1893. In a recent presentation of the plan 

 of the work, now well under way, the publisher? state that it will 

 embody many new principles in lexicography, and will contain 

 nearly twenty-two hundred folio pages, with over four thousand 

 illustrations made expressly for it. It will contain some two 

 hundred thousand words. Among the hundred or more editors 

 on the staff of the new dictionary we find the names of Professors 

 F. A. March, Simon Newcomb, N. S. Shaler, W. B. Dwight, 

 Thomas H. Huxley, E. E. White, F. Max Milller, and Daniel G. 

 Brinton; also Otis T. Mason, Dr. T. Mitchell Prudden, Rear- Ad- 

 miral Luce, Gen. O. O. Howard, Benson J. Lossing, Hon. Carroll 

 D. Wright, Anton Seidl, Henry M. Stanley, H. H. Bancroft, Rob- 

 ert Grimshaw, Alfred Ayres, and Alexander Graham Bell. 

 Among the chief distinguishing characteristics of the work, as set 

 forth in the prospectus, are the following. In the definition of a 

 word the most common meaning is given first, preference being 

 given to the " order of usage " over the historical order ; for 

 showing the pronunciation a " scientific alphabet " is used, which 

 has been prepared and recommended by the American Philologi- 

 cal Association and the American Spelling Reform Association; 

 disputed pronunciations and spellings are referred to a committee 

 of fifty leading philologists, writers, and speakers; a committee 

 of five representative scholars will pass upon all new words ad- 

 mitted; strictly obsolete and dialectic words, and such foreign 

 words as are rarely used, are placed in a glossary in the appendix ; 

 handicraft terms are grouped under the various trades, the more 

 important being also given in their vocabulary places. Tlie Oer- 

 man double hyphen is used in compound words ; and the different 

 parts of each science are so treated that the student can easOy 

 trace the definition of all its branches, and have before him the 

 full meaning of the science ; that is, while the terms belonging to 

 each branch or subordinate branch of » science are defined in their 

 proper vocabulary places, the references to their superior and 

 subordinate branches are so given that the definition of the science 

 as a whole can easil.v be traced and collected, and when so col- 

 lected will be found by the student to be a full and harmonious 

 exposition of the entire science. 



— From Allyn & Bacon, publishers, Boston, we have received 

 "Primai-y Batteries," a well arranged and practical little volume 

 of nearly two hundred pages, by Henry S. Carhart, A.M., professor 

 of physics in the University of Michigan. Notwithstanding the 

 many works on electrical topics that have made their appearance 

 in the past few years, the particular branch of the subject covered 

 by Professor Carharfs book has been comparatively neglected, the 



