10 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XXVI. No. 65-i 



■years. As a rule, enduring influence is 

 won only by a teacher who thus brings up 

 a few congenial, cooperative disciples 

 capable of carrying on and developing 

 their master's work. The duration of the 

 master's influence depends on the capacity 

 of his disciples to go beyond him, and de- 

 velop his ideas under new conditions; and 

 for this development they in their turn will 

 need a genuine freedom for themselves, 

 and for their students. Such is the rapid 

 progress of science, letters and art in these 

 days that the old ideas can only live as 

 they are transmuted into the new; but for 

 the just development of the new out of the 

 old freedom is indispensable. All truth- 

 seeking needs freedom, and in a university 

 teachers and taught ought to be constantly 

 seeking truth together. Even partial truth 

 makes free, and every sincere searcher for 

 the next glimpse of truth beyond the pres- 

 ent limits of knowledge needs not only a 

 perfect candor in his own soul, but free- 

 dom from all artificial external restraints 

 on the flights of his intelligence and good- 

 will. 



UNIVERSITY GOVERNMENT IS A TYPE 



The government of a good college or 

 university in the United States, which is 

 free from denominational or political con- 

 trol, foretells the type of the best ultimate 

 forms of human government. It is a gov- 

 ernment in which there is no use of force. 

 There is some police inspection, and a con- 

 stant watchfulness against disease, fire, 

 noise, and similar evils, but no prison, no 

 physical punishment, the least possible in- 

 terference with the personal conduct of the 

 governed, and a generous amount of good- 

 will between all members of the com- 

 munity. The citizens, or constituency, of 

 this government are selected persons as re- 

 gards intelligence, goodwill, and coopera- 

 tive purpose. Exile from the community 

 is the sole penalty for misconduct, ineffici- 



ency, or unworthiness. The government is 

 not arbitrary, and yet it possesses large ele- 

 ments of discretion. It habitually acts 

 under rules and usages, j^et it is progress- 

 ive; it does not permit a perverse indivi- 

 dual to injure the main body, bat its deal- 

 ings with the individual are always in the 

 direction- of reformation, education, and 

 recovery from downfall, and exile is never 

 resorted to until many efforts at recovery 

 and refonnation have failed. Vengeance 

 on the sinner, and the satisfaction of jus- 

 tice by punishment, are absolutely excluded 

 from its discipline, as in the first place un- 

 worthy of any intelligent ruler or governor, 

 and also as completely ineffective towards 

 either individual or community improve- 

 ment. There are no elective bodies analo- 

 gous to Senate and House of Representa- 

 tives, and yet there are legislative bodies 

 and an executive. Long tenure, and life 

 office play a great part in university organ- 

 ization, and as a rule there is no jealousy 

 or distrust of long service executives, pro- 

 vided they are considerate and fair. On 

 the contrary, in universities the governed 

 generally exhibit a decided preference for 

 an experienced executive of proved capa- 

 city, and a dislike for changes in executive 

 departments. 



The principle of authority is very little 

 applied in good university government. 

 Respect is paid to age, if it remains vital, 

 and to experience, especially to intensive 

 experience; but mere seniority counts for 

 very little, and an administrator's influence 

 is supported chiefly on his persuasiveness, 

 or power of discerning a good reason for a 

 proposed action, and then stating it con- 

 vincingly. 



In the government of the American uni- 

 versities, sentiments have a large place, as 

 indeed they should have in all government. 

 Among these sentiments are a strong love 

 for the site and surroundings of the uni- 

 versity—an affectionate memory of the 



