July 5, 1907] 



SCIENCE 



11 



fields and hills, the sti-eams or lakes within 

 sight of which years of rapid intellectual 

 and spiritual groAvth were passed; down- 

 right affection for teachers who greatly 

 stimulated the intellectual life of their stu- 

 dents; and among the members of the uni- 

 versity staff itself, admiration and affection 

 for certain colleagues whose traits of char- 

 acter, wit, or charming personal idiosyn- 

 crasies especially commend them to their 

 brethren. Occasionally a college adminis- 

 trator who is also a preacher from pulpit 

 or platform wins for the time being an 

 extraordinary influence over large num- 

 bers of young men by the purity and force 

 of his character, and the high spirit of his 

 instruction and exhortation. These senti- 

 ments, like all the higher loves, grow up in 

 a freedom which knows no admixture of 

 fear, compulsion, or domination. They are 

 all noble, refined, and inspiring, sentiments. 

 To develop them in the highest degree is 

 one of the chief objects of academic free- 

 dom. 



A university should be entirely free from 

 the highly restrictive bonds described in 

 the words, caste, class, race, sect, and party. 

 In its best form it already is so. These 

 formidable restrictions on individual lib- 

 erty should play no part in its organization 

 or its discipline. The world has had quite 

 enough of these ancient means of dividing 

 mankind into antagonistic sections. Every 

 university should exert a strong unifying 

 influence in these respects. 



I have said that the university form of 

 government is a prophecy. It really fore- 

 tells the ultimate form of all good govern- 

 ment among men— a government based on 

 cooperative intelligence, almost universal 

 goodwill, and noble loves. Its leaders are 

 of a new sort which deserves stud.v. 



A modern university, being a voluntary 

 cooperative association of highly indivi- 

 dualistic persons for teaching and for ad- 

 vancing knowledge, is thoroughly demo- 



cratic in spirit, and everywhere its objects 

 are to train productive mental power in 

 the young, to store each power in a select 

 group from the next older generation, and 

 to apply this stored power to the advance- 

 ment of knowledge. This peculiar kind of 

 democratic association needs leadere or 

 managers; but the work of a university is 

 so different from ordinary govermnental 

 and industrial work, that we are not sur- 

 prised to find that the university leader or 

 manager is a different kind of a leader 

 from that eommon in governments and in- 

 dustries. It is an interesting question, 

 therefore, what sort of leadership a uni- 

 versity needs; what contribution to aca- 

 demic freedom the right sort of university 

 leader makes; and what sort of freedom 

 he needs for himself. 



University administration is usually, and 

 in chief part, administration by a selected 

 expert who has had opportunity to prove 

 his capacity. He ought also to be an ad- 

 vanced student in some field of knowledge 

 —historical, economic, linguistic, scientific 

 or artistic, it matters not which— and a 

 student who has learned by experience what 

 research or scholarly productiveness is and 

 implies. Like the captain of industry, or 

 the political ruler, he must have skill, 

 capacity, and knowledge; must be inven- 

 tive and constructive in his thinking; and 

 must welcome care and responsibility. His 

 inducements to laborious and responsible 

 service are, however, different from those 

 which are effective with other sorts of 

 leader. A high salary, or the prospect of 

 luxury for himself and his family, will not 

 tempt him. These inducements will not 

 draw the right kind of man into university 

 administration any more than into teaching 

 or research. He cannot be induced to 

 do his best work by offering him any 

 money prize, and he will manifest no desire 

 whatever for arbitrary power over masses 

 of human beings, or for what is ordinarily 



