12 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XXVI. No. 653 



called fame or glory. The effective induce- 

 ments will be the prospect of eminent use- 

 fulness, public consideration, the provision 

 of all real facilities for his work, enough 

 relief from pecuniary cares to leave his 

 mind free for invention and forelooking, 

 long tenure, and income enough to secure 

 healthy recreations. He will not wish to 

 receive a salary so high as to distinguish 

 him widely from his colleagues the pro- 

 fessors, except so far as the proper dis- 

 charge of his functions involves him in 

 expenditures from which they are exempt. 

 He will want to work with ' a group of 

 associates whose pecuniary recompense and 

 prospects are not veiy unlike his own. 



This educational expert will set a high 

 value on freedom for himself. He will 

 hope that trustees, faculties, alumni, and 

 the supporting public, will permit him to 

 carry out his own plans and provisions, or 

 those which he espouses. He will hope 

 that the responsibility he carries will en- 

 title him to a certain deference for his 

 jud.gments from his colleagues and the aca- 

 demic bodies. In short, a just academic 

 freedom for the head of a university is 

 more important than for any other person 

 or group of persons connected with the 

 university, for the reason that in educa- 

 tion, as in every other function of demo- 

 cratic government, and every branch of the 

 national industries, the problem how to 

 create and develop real leadership is the 

 most serious problem which confronts dem- 

 ocratic society. 



In all fields, democracy needs to develop 

 leaders of high inventive capacity, strong 

 initiative, and genius for cooperative gov- 

 ernment, who will put forth their utmost 

 powers, not for pecuniary reward, or for 

 the love of domination, but for the joy of 

 achievement and the continuous, mounting 

 satisfaction of rendering good service. 

 This is just the kind of leader that democ- 

 racy ought to produce for highly organ- 



ized industries and for public service. The 

 military commander is necessarily an auto- 

 crat; the hereditary ruler may be either a 

 despot or a figurehead. The present type 

 of industrial captain is too often governed 

 by motives, and pursues ends, which are 

 neither altruistic nor idealistic. None of 

 these types is good for the democratic 

 leader of the future, whether he is to serve 

 in some great industry, in government, or 

 in a university. At this moment the uni- 

 versity administrator makes the best use 

 now made of the powers of individualism 

 on one hand, and of collectivism on the 

 other, and understands better than any 

 other leader in the world that in order to 

 have successful cooperative action on the 

 part of thousands of hmnan beings, special 

 emphasis must be laid on brotherhood in 

 that admirable trinity— freedom, equality 

 and brotherhood. 



The American university gives an effect- 

 ive demonstration of the good results of 

 the voluntary association in common work 

 of many independent and unlike individ- 

 uals possessing the maximum of goodwill; 

 and academic freedom is, therefore, a good 

 type of the considerate, humane freedom 

 which will ultimately become universal. 

 Chaeles W. Eliot 



Haevaed University 



SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 



RECEXT LITERATURE ON ECIHNODERMS 



There has been a marked increase in the 

 attention given to the echinoderms, since the 

 opening of the twentieth century, and during 

 the last year especially, the contributions to 

 our knowledge of the group have been numer- 

 ous. Among these there are three which, for 

 widely different reasons, particularly deserve 

 attention. 



Fisher's " Starfishes of the Hawaiian 

 Islands " ' is the first extended contribution 



' " The Starfishes of the Hawaiian Islands," by 

 Walter K. Fisher, acting instructor in zoology, 

 Leland Stanford Junior University. Extracted 



