August 2, 1907] 



SCIENCE 



143 



exposing the organisms throughout to the 

 modifying effects of environment. 



3. The relative weakness of the stereo- 

 typing effects of cumulative heredity at this 

 early date. 



4. The fact that as all available spots 

 were not preempted, there were wide fields 

 open to successfully modified forms adapt- 

 ed to some new yet unoccupied station, who 

 could then be very prolific, and thus give 

 large play for further adaptation. 



5. The frequency of generations in the 

 lower animals and plants. 



6. Probably a relative lack of seasonal 

 rhythm. 



7. While new forms of life and the flesh- 

 eating habit were being developed a stim- 

 ulus was put on various modifications to 

 meet these new conditions. 



Since early Paleozoic times animals have 

 existed fitted for land and sea, salt water 

 and fresh, air and mud, herbivorous and 

 carnivorous, with the main methods of at- 

 tack and defense outlined. So that one 

 could hardly expect so radical or rapid 

 changes thereafter. 



I think this audience in this assembly 

 will permit an old pupil of Shaler to in- 

 dulge in a little philosophy and close on the 

 eve of Sunday with a moral. 



Haec fabula docet: that those societies 

 of cells known as animals have not been 

 the mere slaves of environment, nor even of 

 environment and heredity conjointly, but 

 tave struggled, with more or less success, to 

 maintain through varying environment 

 that part only of their heredity which con- 

 duced to greater protoplasmic activity (or, 

 to put it in every-day English, have striven 

 to surround the great mass of the cells of 

 which they are made up with the conditions 

 best for their health and vigor), and the 

 physical grade of the animal is in the ratio 

 of its success in this struggle for the com- 

 mon weal of the constituent cells. 



PAKTIAL LIST OF AUTHOES CITED, IN WHICH WILL BE 

 FOUND OTHEE REFEEENCES 



Adams, F. D. "The Artesian and other Deep 

 Wells of the Island of Montreal," Geol. Surv. Can- 

 ada, 1904, p. 620. 



Brooks, W. K. Journal of Geology, ii. (1894), 

 p. 455. 



Blatchley, W. S. 26th and 27th Annual Re- 

 ports State Geologist of Indiana, pp. 11-159. 



Chamberlin and Salisbury. Geolog3', 1906. 



Dubois, E. " On the Supply of Sodium and 



Chlorine by the Rivers to the Sea," Eon. Ak. Van 



Wet. Amsterdam, 1902, p. 391. "The Amount of 



the Circulation of the Carbonate of Lime and the 



■ Age of the Earth," iUd., 1900, p. 43. 



Daly, R. A. " The Limeless Ocean of Pre- 

 Cambriau Time," American Jour. Sci., xxiii., 1907, 

 p. 93. 



Hunt, T. Steery. Chemical and Geological Es- 

 says, Salem, 1878, pp. 11, 118-122. 



JoLY, J. " An Estimate of the Geological Age 

 of the Earth," Trans. Roy. DiMin Society, 1899, 

 p. 23. 



Macallum, a. B. " The Paleochemistry of the 

 Ocean in relation to Animal and Vegetable Proto- 

 plasm." Transactions Canadian Institute, 1903-4, 

 p. 181. 



Mackie, W. Edinborough Geol. Soe., 1903, p. 

 247. 



Mead, W. J. " Redistribution of the Elements 

 in the ^Formation of Sedimentary Rocks," Jo-urnal 

 of Geology, 1907, p. 238. 



Meter. Science, May 10, 1907, Publication 67, 

 Carnegie Institution. 



Norton. (Mineral waters of Iowa) Vol. VI., 

 Reports Iowa Geol. Survey. 



QuiNTON, R. " L'Eiiu de Mer Milieu Organ- 

 ique," Masson, Paris, 1904. 



Roth, J. Phys. und Chem., Geologic. 



Smith, E. A. " Underground Water Resources 

 of Alabama," Alabama Geological Survey, 1907. 



Selby and Duval. " Sources of the Ohio 

 Flora," Columbus Horticultural Society, 1899, p. 

 55. 



Whbeler, Beal and. Michigan Flora, 1892. 



A. C. Lane 

 Lansing, Mich. 



SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 



■Researches on the Affinities of the Elements. 



By Geoffrey Martin. 



The unfortunate part of the book is that 

 any attempt to separate the grain from the 

 chaff is made difficult by the amount of chaff. 



