222 



SCIENCE 



[K. S. Vol. XXVI. No. 659 



the west borders of tlie area. The throw of 

 the faults varies from a few feet to 5,000 feet. 

 There are two systems or groups, one of which 

 strikes nearly north and the other about 35° 

 east of north. The Tertiary rocks are not 

 closely folded, but the dip of the beds in any 

 single block is nearly uniform. 



It is improbable that any considerable 

 amount of tilting or faulting occurred before 

 all of the Tertiary lavas were extravasated, 

 for the dip of early and of late flows is nearly 

 uniform, and lavas do not overlap faults. 

 The tilting occurred before or after faulting, 

 or else the two processes went on together. 

 If all of the tilting had occurred before the 

 faulting then a given bed at the east border 

 of the area should at that time have been 

 12,400 feet lower than the same bed at the 

 west border. Evidence of such relief should 

 be preserved if the period between the defor- 

 mation by the two processes had been sufficient 

 for a considerable amount of erosion, and a 

 large thickness of derived sedimentary rocks 

 should probably have resulted from the ero- 

 sion of this series. On the other hand, if 

 the faulting had occurred first and the in- 

 terval was considerable, the relief and conse- 

 quent intervening erosion would have been 

 equally great. Since there are no faulted 

 rocks not tilted, or tilted rocks not faulted, it 

 is presumed that faulting and tilting operated 

 at the same time or close together. 



Tilting before faulting implies a vertical 

 movement of parts of the earth's surface of 

 more than two miles, followed by another ver- 

 tical movement equally great and of a different 

 character. Faulting before tilting implies 

 equivalent movements in reverse order. Since 

 the processes operated close together, this is 

 regarded as improbable. It is, therefore, as- 

 sumed that faulting and tilting occurred at 

 the same time, and that the movement was 

 largely rotational, each block moving inde- 

 pendently, being tilted as it was faulted. The 

 result is like the fall of a row of books when 

 some are removed from the shelf. It is to be 

 noted that when the books fall and become 

 inclined 27° from an upright position, there 

 is an extension of a line drawn horizontally 

 through them equal to 12 per cent.; that is. 



some books must be removed if the remainder 

 fall. Unless there was extension due to revo- 

 lution some of the blocks must move out 

 laterally in order that the other blocks may 

 settle. The faults are not quite parallel in 

 strike, but two systems make 35° angles with 

 each other. Accordingly, some of the blocks 

 would present wedge-shaped edges to any sec- 

 tion and these during deformation could easily 

 move laterally outward. That lateral move- 

 ment did take place is abundantly recorded by 

 nearly flat strise on horizontal surfaces. The 

 effect of all deformation was to greatly extend 

 the surface east and west in the direction of 

 the dip of the beds. W. H. Emmons 



U. S. Geologicai, Suevey 



I 



QUOTATIONS 



THE NOBEL PRIZES 



Regret has already been expressed here that 

 the confidence placed by Nobel in his native 

 land has not been justified. His large for- 

 tune was made in Great Britain by the dis- 

 covery and manufacture of dynamite, and it 

 seems likely that the instructions of his will 

 would have been more adequately carried out 

 if their execution had been entrusted to the 

 Royal Society and the British courts. Nobel 

 doubtless believed that the international ob- 

 ligations would be fully met by the Scandi- 

 navian countries, and it is truly sad and dis- 

 couraging that there should be lack of good 

 faith in the administration of a fund in- 

 tended, as the testator states, " to benefit man- 

 kind." 



Nobel's will is perfectly clear and explicit. 

 It directs that the interest from the fund 

 " shall be divided into five equal parts," which 

 shall be annually awarded in prizes to those 

 persons who shall have contributed most 

 materially to benefit mankind during the year 

 immediately preceding. " One share to the 

 person who shall have made the most im- 

 portant discovery or invention in the domain 

 of physics; one share to the person who shall 

 have made the most important chemical dis- 

 covery or improvement; one share to the 

 person who shall have made the most im- 

 portant discovery in the domain of physiology 

 or medicine ; one share to the person who shall 



