September 6, 1907] 



SCIENCE 



323 



therefore, not only do the two types of response 

 ■occur, but prolonged exposure to light elim- 

 inates the possibility of one without inter- 

 fering with the other. It is difficult to see 

 how responses that are not different in kind 

 could be distinguished in this manner. 



In closing, it will not be necessary to sum- 

 marize again the elements of the schema that 

 Jennings has proposed for the interpretation 

 of the behavior of organisms nor the objec- 

 tions which it has seemed to me could be 

 urged against it. There is no doubt that by 

 his very serious discussion of the problems of 

 behavior, Professor Jennings has done the 

 great service of focusing attention upon the 

 essentials and the unessentials, understand- 

 ings and misunderstandings in this iield of 

 investigation. And I offer the foregoing dis- 

 cussion, originally prepared for a non-biolog- 

 ical audience of scientific men, in response to 

 the invitation which is implied on many pages 

 of his book. Harry Beal Torrey 



Zoological Laboeatoet, 

 Univebsitt op Califoenia, 

 April 8, 1907 



BOTANICAL NOTES 



wood-staining fungi 

 In the September number of the Journal of 

 Mycology George G. Hedgcock publishes a 

 descriptive list of twenty fungi which stain 

 different kinds of woods, in some cases so in- 

 juring the appearance as to cause much dam- 

 age. Eight species of Ceratostomella., seven 

 of Graphium, one of Fusarium, two of Hor- 

 modendron, one of Hormiscium and one of 

 Penicillium are listed and described. The 

 woods are species of pines, beech, sweet gum, 

 oak, Bubus and elm, and in large part the 

 staining takes place in the lumber piles after 

 the trees have been sawn into boards, planks, 

 etc. 



NEW METHOD OF MOUNTING FUNGI 



A NEW method of mounting culture-grown 

 fungi for preservation in the herbarium is 

 described in the July number (1906) of the 

 Journal of Mycology by George G. Hedgcock 

 and Perley Spaulding. Pure cultures on 

 rather stiff agar supply the specimens, which 



are taken out in little blocks with a layer of 

 agar adhering, dried on stiff cards, and then 

 protected by pasting on perforated pieces of 

 thick cardboard of the proper size, the speci- 

 mens occupying the opening. These cards 

 may be attached to herbarium sheets, and pre- 

 served in the usual way, or they may be kept 

 for easy reference in the manner of library 

 cards in ordinary card cases. 



ELEMENTARY BOTANY OP FLOWERING PLANTS 



Professor Mast has published in a booklet 

 of 54 pages a series of " experiments " in- 

 tended to cover the essentials as to the struc- 

 ture and physiology of flowering plants in an 

 elementary course in high schools and colleges. 

 Dr. Mast having had " unsatisfactory results 

 in beginning the study of plants and animals 

 with such forms as Amoelia, Paramecium and 

 Spirogyra," he prepared a set of directions 

 for his students (in Hope College), beginning 

 the work with the flowering plants, and taking 

 up in succession, seeds, stems, roots, proto- 

 plasm, leaves, modified plant structures 

 (tubers, tendrils, spines, aeriaL roots, etc.) 

 and flowers. The subjects for these studies 

 are well selected, and the directions are clear. 

 For those who believe in beginning with the 

 higher plants (which we do not) the book 

 must prove helpful, as indeed it will be sug- 

 gestive to those who prefer the more natural 

 sequence from the simple structures to the 

 more complex. 



FOREST TREES OF NEW JERSEY 



Dr. B. D. Halsted in a recent bulletin 

 (No. 202) of the New Jersey Experiment Sta- 

 tion publishes a useful annotated list of the 

 forest trees of New Jersey. He enumerates 

 104 species, of which 98 are natives, the others 

 being exotics which have become pretty well 

 established. Of the native species 13 are 

 conifers, leaving 85 broad-leaved species. The 

 largest genus is Querent, the oaks, with 16 

 species, followed by Pinus (pines), Acer 

 (maples) and Salix (willows) with 6 each, 

 Populus (poplars) with 5 native and 2 ad- 

 ventive. Of the ashes (Fraxinus) and hick- 

 ories (Hicoria) there are 4 species each. It 



