November 22, 1907] 



SCIENCE 



719 



fortli in the single paragraph in the second 

 column on page 602 of Science. 



For the past sis years my whole time has 

 been given up to work relating to investiga- 

 tions as to the probable origin and physical 

 structure of our sidereal system. In the 

 course of these investigations the question. 

 What is the present surface-temperature of the 

 sun? has recently given me much trouble, for 

 the results of different investigators vary all 

 the way from twelve hundred degrees up to 

 eighteen million degrees centigrade ! 



With the aid of recent observations, made 

 with a mirror which I figured about three 

 years ago, and which, for this kind of work, 

 is by far the most powerful telescope ever con- 

 structed (aperture two feet, focal length three 

 feet) I finally deduced the simple, funda- 

 mental, theoretically exact expression given 

 below. 



This equation proves that if Professor 

 Poynting's value for the temperature of the 

 " small black particle " is correct the sun's 

 surface temperature is twelve million degrees 

 instead of only six thousand. 



In my approximate determination of the ab- 

 solute temperature of space with the aid of 

 the mirror, no allowance has yet been made 

 for absorptions and reflections due to ponder- 

 able matter in the space between the sun's sur- 

 face and the focal point of the mirror. Pro- 

 fessor Pojmting's value for the absolute tem- 

 perature of the " small black particle " is 300° ; 

 my uncorrected value for the same particle is 

 0°.5 +. So that according to my results the 

 effective surface temperature can not be less 

 than twenty thousand degrees centigrade. 



If t is the temperature of the " small black 

 particle " at the distance r from the center of 

 the sun, and i„ is the effective temperature of 

 the surface of the sun at the distance r„ from 

 the sun's center, then my theoretically exact 

 formula is simply 



a Newtonian expression which, according to 

 the assertions of modem astrophysicists, can 

 not be used for determining the effective sur- 

 face-temperature of the sun; so far as I can 



learn this stand has been taken mainly for 

 the reason that the very high resulting tem- 

 peratures heretofore obtained seem to be in- 

 admissible. 



I had intended to defer the publication of 

 my present views regarding the probable origin 

 of our stellar and solar systems until more 

 definite observational and more theoretical 

 data had been deduced; but as repeated refer- 

 ence to a theory should be accompanied by 

 some evidence bearing on the question " Is 

 the theory tenable ? " I will shortly forward 

 for publication in Science a very brief state- 

 ment of the results so far obtained. 



J. M. Schaebeele 



Ann Arbor, 



November, 2, 1907 



ARTICLE 30 OF THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF 

 ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 



The new article 30 of the International 

 Code of Zoological Nomenclature, adopted 

 by the International Congress of Zoologists 

 at its recent meeting in Boston,' is beyond 

 question a great step forward in providing 

 definite methods for determining genotypes in 

 zoology. Although the old article 30 is can- 

 celed, the new article 30 includes all of the 

 principles of the old one, of which it is vir- 

 tually an extended amplification, embracing 

 seven distinct " rules," and thirteen additional 

 " recommendations," the former numbered a 

 to g, and the latter h to t. The recommenda- 

 tions have relation to the selection of types 

 for genera still typeless, but one of them, 

 numbered i, find relating to " virtual tau- 

 tonomy," might well have been transferred to 

 the " rules." The " cases " are wisely sepa- 

 rated into two categories : " I. Cases in which 

 the generic type is accepted solely upon the 

 basis of the original publication." " II. Cases 

 in which the generic type is not accepted solely 

 upon the basis of the original publication." 



The first class includes: (a) all those gen- 

 era, the founder of which designated the type 

 at the time of founding the genus; (i) those 

 genera, the founder of which used typicus or 



» See Science, N. S., Vol. XXVI., pp. 520-523, 

 October 18, 1907. 



