Decembee 20, 1907] 



SCIENCE 



857 



themselves with it. In the case of the state uni- 

 versities part of the corporation would be elected 

 by the people. This corporation should elect trus- 

 tees having the ordinary functions of trustees — 

 the care of the property and the representation 

 of the common sense of the corporation and of the 

 community in university policy. The trustees 

 should elect a chancellor and a treasurer who 

 would represent the university in its relations 

 with the community. 



2. The professors or ofBcers, or their representa- 

 tives, should elect a president who has expert 

 knowledge of education and of university admin- 

 istration. . . . 



3. The unit of organization within the univer- 

 sity should be the school, division or department, 

 a group of men having common objects and in- 

 terests, who can meet frequently and see each 

 other daily. It should be large enough to meet for 

 deliberation and to represent diverse points of 

 view, but small enough for each to understand the 

 whole and to feel responsible for it. The size of 

 this group is prescribed by a psychological con- 

 stant, its efficient maximum being about twenty 

 men and its minimum about ten. 



4. Each school, division or department should 

 •leet its dean or chairman and its executive com- 

 mittee, and have as complete autonomy as is con- 

 sistent with the welfare of the university as a 

 whole. It should elect its minor officers and nom- 

 inate its professors. The nominations for pro- 

 fessorships should be subject to the approval of a 

 board of advisers constituted for each department, 

 consisting, say, of two members of the department, 

 two experts in the subject outside the university 

 and two professors from related departments. 

 The final election should be by a university sen- 

 ate; subject to the veto of the trustees. The same 

 salaries should be paid for the same office and the 

 same amount of work. The election should be for 

 life, except in the case of impeachment after trial. 

 The division should have financial as well as edu- 

 cational autonomy. Its income should be held as 

 a trust fund and it should be encouraged to in- 

 crease this fund. 



5. The departments or divisions should elect rep- 

 resentatives for such committees as are needed 

 when they have common interests, and to a senate 

 which should legislate for the university as a 

 whole and be a body coordinate with the trustees. 

 It should have an executive committee which 

 would meet with a similar committee of the trus- 

 tees. There should also on special occasions be 

 plenums of divisions having interests in common 



and plenums of all the professors or officers of 

 the university. There should be as much flexi- 

 bility and as complete anarchy throughout the 

 university as is consistent with unity and order. 



Professor Cattell states in other articles^ 

 that in the development of universities 

 during the initial stages the administrative 

 autocracy of the typical coUege of the 

 United States will serve its purpose as it 

 has in the past and most effectively, pro- 

 vided the proper man be secured, but that 

 he is to be replaced by some such system 

 of control as has been advocated in the 

 article just quoted. If the various con- 

 stituent colleges of the University of Mani- 

 toba are to confine their teaching to prepa- 

 ration for the university and for theology, 

 it will become necessary for the university 

 to teach the humanities, and this can surely 

 be done with greater success by large de- 

 partments, well manned and equipped, than 

 by the present methods. The medical col- 

 lege should become in toto what it is now 

 in parte, namely, a true member of the 

 university corporation. These points are 

 of importance in planning for the future 

 in regard to expenditures for buildings, 

 equipment and site. The stimulation af- 

 forded by association of those engaged in 

 research, study and teaching of all of the 

 natural and physical sciences, and profes- 

 sions as well as of the humanities is best 

 calculated to bring culture to the one and 

 practicality to the other, whilst the focus- 

 ing of all branches of university activity 

 under a carefully selected and competent 

 administration will preserve satisfactory 

 relationships and tend to economize in time, 

 effort and money. 



UNIVERSITT FINANCES 



The royal commission will probably find 

 difficulty in inducing the citizens and pro- 

 ' " The American University," Popular Science 

 Monthly, June, 1902; "The University and Busi- 

 ness Methods," The Independent, December 28, 

 1905. 



