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SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XXXI. No. 798 



undergo no chemical change during the process of 

 compounding the mixtures. It thus became neces- 

 sary to decide arbitrarily upon the industries to 

 be included. Those so included at the census of 

 1905 may be divided into the following classes: 

 sulphuric, nitric, mixed and other acids; sodas; 

 potashes; alums, coal tar products; cyanides, 

 wood distillation; fertilizers; bleaching materials ; 

 chemicals produced by the aid of electricity; dye- 

 stuffs; tanning materials; paints and varnishes; 

 explosives; plastics; essential oils; compressed 

 and liquefied gases; fine chemicals; general 

 chemicals. 



These were consequently divided into 

 nineteen different classes which were given 

 separate treatment. The combined statis- 

 tics for these classes for the censuses of 

 1900 and 1905 are set forth in the follow- 

 ing table, the statistics of these two censuses 

 only being compared because they alone 

 dealt with the same materials : 



ter was improved and possibly indicates 

 that a better class of labor was employed, 

 and, since the percentage increase in the 

 number of salaried oiEcials for these estab- 

 lishments was 29.6, while the percentage 

 increase in salaries was but 32.4 it is ob- 

 vious that the wage earners fared, on the 

 whole, better than the salaried ofScials. 



A wholesome feature to be observed is 

 that while the increase in the number of 

 men employed was 12,104, the increase in 

 the number of women employed was but 

 413, while there was a decrease of over 

 10 per cent, in the number of children 

 employed. I speak of this condition as a 

 wholesome one because, outside of the 

 clerical and perhaps analytical work, the 

 duties to be performed in these establish- 

 ments is essentially man's work. 



TABLE I. CHEMICALS APfD ALLIED PEODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1900 AND 1905 



Prom Table I. it is observed that there 

 was an increase in every item enumerated, 

 but that not only was the actual increase 

 in the number of establishments less than 

 that of any other item, as was to be ex- 

 pected, but that the percentage increase 

 was less. This indicates that the growth 

 of these industries was rather by increased 

 production of existing establishments than 

 by the creation of new ones. In fact, in a 

 more detailed analysis it was found that in 

 some industries the number of establish- 

 ments had actually decreased, though each 

 of the other items, as enumerated in Table 

 I., showed an increase. 



The greater percentage increase in wages 

 over that of the percentage increase in 

 wage earners shows that the lot of the lat- 



The greater percentage increase in the 

 cost of materials used as compared with 

 the percentage increase in the value of the 

 products shows the growing necessity of 

 intelligent and careful management and 

 skillful workmanship to prevent waste and 

 to increase yields. This is emphasized by 

 examination of the additional item of mis- 

 cellaneous expenses which, while less in the 

 total than any of the values given in Table 

 I., showed an increase of 77.2 per cent. 



As indicated, the census classification of 

 "Chemicals and Allied Products" which 

 gave the data just discussed is a purely 

 empirical one, and it deals with but a very 

 few of the true chemical manufactures of 

 the United States. It is not possible to 

 derive from the returns, of the various 



