Apbil 15, 1910] 



SCIENCE 



563 



industries as taken, the data for an exact 

 scientific classification such as has been 

 referred to above. Yet, in order to arrive 

 at a better conception of the application of 

 chemistry in manufacturing industries and 

 its magnitude, we may follow such a 

 scheme of classification as that employed in 

 many chemical technologies, though here 

 again we meet with the difficulties common 

 to classification and we are compelled to 

 include in our data some of the products 

 of purely physical processes, either because 

 these processes are operated collaterally 

 with, or related to, the predominating 

 chemical processes, or else because the 

 products are closely associated with the 

 chemical products. In assembling this 

 data it should be said that in order to com- 

 pare the data of the different epochs one 

 must first eliminate from the data of 1900 

 the returns for neighborhood industries, 

 for the census of 1905 was a factory census 

 considering only the results of manufacture 

 as carried out in factories, and not solely 

 for consumption at the point where manu- 

 factured as is generally the case with 

 neighborhood industries. The results of 

 this ti'eatment are set forth in Table II. 



than is set forth in Table I. The increase 

 is easily accounted for by noting that items 

 such as soap, with a product valued at over 

 $68,000,000; glass over $79,000,000; illu- 

 minating gas over $125,000,000; dairy 

 products over $168,000,000; refined pe- 

 troleum over $175,000,000; paper and 

 wood pulp over $188,000,000; bread and 

 other bakery products over $269,000,000; 

 sugar and molasses over $277,000,000; 

 vinous, malt and distilled liquors over 

 $340,000,000 ; smelting and refining of cop- 

 per, lead and zinc over $461,000,000; iron 

 and steel over $905,000,000, and many 

 other items have been added to those em- 

 braced in Table I. 



The simple enumeration of these items 

 indicates how incomplete the statistics 

 usually presented as those of the chemical 

 industries are and how insufficient the 

 popular conception of the chemical in- 

 dustries is. Yet even the data of Table II. 

 does not present the case in full since all 

 agricultural products, amounting in value 

 in 1900 to $4,717,069,973 are really the 

 results of chemical processes and are there- 

 fore the products of chemical industries 

 although not factory products. 



TABLE n. CHEMICAL INDUSTBIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 1880 AND 1905 



1890 



Establishments, number 



Wage earners, average number. 



Wages, total 



Materials used, cost 



Products, value 



56,580 



1,107,714 



% 575,635,257 



2,933,660,817 



4,716,490,371 



53,567 



943,166 



$ 438,404,062 



2,215,162,767 



3,628,641,475 



40,451 



677,123 



% 305,884,278 



1,247,239,582 



2,152,490,514 



34,864 



490,776 



$ 176,2'.'7,726 



924,573,773 



1,357,503,293 



Table II., imperfect though it be both 

 in the industries it includes and in those it 

 omits, gives a better conception of the 

 actual magnitude of the industries in which 

 chemical transformations play a part, and 

 which are therefore really chemical indus- 

 tries, than Table I. does, and in so doing 

 it shows the value of the products for 1905 

 alone to be nearly seventeen-fold greater 



As with Table I. so with Table II., the 

 deductions are more readily drawn by 

 observation of the increase and percentages 

 of increase for each item at the various 

 epochs. These have, therefore, been ascer- 

 tained and are set forth in Table III. 



Considering now the data of Table II. 

 and more particularly the increases and 

 percentages of increase set forth for each 



