790 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XXXI. No. 803 



alike and so highly specialized, connected, too, 

 in such an unusual way with the cranium, 

 have developed from two extremely different 

 sources; that (1) the usual dentigerous bones 

 have retained in the platyschistous eels, the 

 functions performed in other fishes but under 

 a highly specialized form, while (2) they have 

 been lost in the engyschistous eels and bones 

 (palatopterygoid), which had been much re- 

 duced or atrophied in the others, have been 

 highly developed in the same manner but at 

 the expense of the dentigerous bones of the 

 typical eels. No reason has been assigned for 

 such interpretations but it is probable that the 

 posterior connection with the cranium of the 

 dentigerous bones of the Mursenids was one 

 cause. We are thus forced into one or other 

 of the two forks of a dilemma: which is the 

 more probable, (1) that bones of two very dis- 

 tinct and disconnected arches have been in- 

 versely developed at the expense of each other 

 in a like highly specialized manner, or (2) 

 that the vomer-ethmoid has projected in one 

 type (Colocephals) more than in the others 

 (Euchelycephals) ? The latter alternative has 

 been preferred by the present author. 



As to the premaxillaries, they have been 

 considered to have been lost by recent ichthy- 

 ologists, but it is at least possible (or even 

 probable) that they have been consolidated 

 with the ethmo-vomer, as Peters and Jacoby 

 contended. 



The order, as now limited, is represented by 

 two suborders, (1) the Enchelycephals, in- 

 cluding most of the species, and (2) the Colo- 

 cephales, including (so far as known) only 

 the Mursenids. The only near relations of the 

 apodals are the Carencheli, known only by. a 

 single species, which is distinguished by the 

 distinct premaxillaries, free nasals, etc. 



The Lyomeri, which have been generally 

 associated with the apodals, are extremely dis- 

 tant and contrast with them by the absence 

 of most of the characters distinctive of the 

 order. Theo. Gill 



THE PROPER RESTRICTION OP EUCYNOPOTAMUS 



Some time ago I proposed the name Ever- 

 mannella to replace Odontostomus, as the lat- 



ter was found to be preoccupied in moUusca. 

 Since then. Dr. C. H. Eigenmann, overlook- 

 ing my use of this name, again proposed 

 Evermannella as a new genus of Characinae. 

 with Cynopotamus hiserialis Garman as its 

 type. Subsequently I renamed Dr. Eigen- 

 mann's genus Eucynopotamus, a fact he seems 

 to have entirely neglected, as his later pro- 

 posal of Evermannolus shows. Thus Ever- 

 mannolus must be considered an exact syno- 

 nym of Eucynopotamus, embracing the single 

 species E. hiserialis. The wrongly identified 

 genus Eucynopotamus of Eigenmann may 

 now be known as Galeocharax gen. nom. nov. 

 (type Cynopotamus gulo Cope), to embrace 

 the species G. magdalence, G. humeralis, G. 

 gulo and G. Tcnerii. Henry W. Fowlee 



Academy of Natubal Sciences 

 OF Philadelphia 



THE AMERICAN PSYTOPATHOLOGWAL 



SOCIETY. II 



The Mildew of Ginseng caused iy PhytophtJiora 



Cactorum (Leh. & Cohn) Schroeter: Professor 



H. H. Whetzel, Cornell University. (Read by 



Mr. V. B. Stewart.) 



The mildew has long been known to the ginseng 

 growers of Japan. It is known as " Koshi-ore," 

 meaning a " bending-at-the-loins;" from the char- 

 acteristic drooping of the leaflets at the end of 

 the affected petiole. 



The relation of Phytophtlwra cactorum to the 

 disease was first discovered by Hori in 1904 as 

 pointed out by Van Hook. He demonstrated the 

 constant association of this well-known Phyco- 

 mycete with the lesions on the ginseng. Van 

 Hook discovered this disease in Ohio and New 

 York in May, 1905. He reports the constant 

 abundance of oospores of P. cactorum in the 

 diseased stems. So far as can be determined 

 from the literature on the subject, no inoculation 

 experiments have even been made to definitely 

 establish the catisal relation of this parasite to 

 this disease. 



The writer has observed this disease on an 

 occasional plant in ginseng gardens since 1906. 

 An epidemic of it appeared in a large ginseng 

 plantation in New York State in 1909, causing 

 a loss of more than 20 per cent, in some beds. 

 Microscopical examination of a large number of 

 diseased plants showed the Phytophthora always 

 present in great abundance. 



