SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XIX. No. 470. 



combinations, and it becomes a necessity to 

 him. And his desires increase as they are 

 gratified. There seems to be no end to de- 

 velopment in this line. At all events, the 

 data at our disposal justify the conclusion 

 that there will be a demand for every dye 

 that combines the qualities of beauty and 

 durability. Thousands of scientifically 

 trained men are engaged in work in the 

 effort to discover new dyes to meet the in- 

 creasing demands. New industries are 

 springing up and many find employment in 

 them. As a rule the increased demand for 

 labor caused by the establishment of these 

 industries is not offset by the closing up of 

 other industries. Certainly it is true that 

 scientific investigation has created large 

 demands for labor that could hardly find 

 employment without these demands. 



The welfare of a nation depends to a 

 large extent upon the success of its indus- 

 tries. In his address as president of the 

 British Association for the Advancement of 

 Science given last summer Sir Norman 

 Lockyer quotes Mr. Chamberlain thus : "I 

 do not think it is necessary for me to say 

 anything as to the urgency and necessity of 

 scientific training. * * * It is not too much 

 to sa5y that the existence of this country, as 

 the great commercial nation, depends upon 

 it. * * * It depends very much upon what 

 we are doing now, at the beginning of the 

 twentieth century, whether at its end we 

 shall continue to maintain our supremacy 

 or even equality with our great commercial 

 and manufacturing rivals." In another 

 part of his address Sir Norman Lockyer 

 says : ' ' Further, I am told that the siim of 

 £24,000,000 is less than half the amount by 

 which Germany is yearly enriched by hav- 

 ing improved upon our chemical industries, 

 owing to our lack of scientific training. 

 Many other industries have been attacked 

 in the same way since, but taking this one 

 instance alone, if we had spent this money 

 fifty years ago, when the Prince Consort 



first called attention to our backwardness, 

 the nation would now be much richer than 

 it is, and would have much less to fear from 

 competition." 



But enough on the purely material side. 

 Let us turn to the intellectual results of 

 scientific investigation. This part of our 

 subject might be summed up in a few 

 words. It is so obvious that the intellectual 

 condition of mankind is a direct result of 

 scientific investigation that one hesitates to 

 make the statement. The mind of man can 

 not carry him much in advance of his 

 JvHowledge of the facts. Intellectual gains 

 can be made only by discoveries, and dis- 

 coveries can be made only by investigation. 

 One generation differs from another in the 

 way it looks at the world. A generation 

 that thinks the earth is the center of the 

 universe differs intellectually from one that 

 has learned the true position of the earth in 

 the solar system, and the general relations 

 of the solar system to other similar systems 

 that make up the universe. A generation 

 that sees in every species of animal and 

 plant evidence of a special creative act 

 differs from one that has recognized the 

 general truth of the conception of evolution. 

 And so in every department of knowledge 

 the great generalizations that have been 

 reached through the persistent efforts of 

 scientific investigators are the intellectual 

 gains that have resulted. These great gen- 

 eralizations measure the intellectual wealth 

 of mankind. They are the foundations of 

 all profitable thought. While the general- 

 izations of science belong to the world, not 

 all the world takes advantage of its oppor- 

 tunities. Nation differs from nation in- 

 tellectually as individual differs from in- 

 dividual. It is not, however, the possession 

 of knowledge that makes the efficient in- 

 dividual and the efficient nation. It is well 

 known that an individual may be very 

 learned and at the same time very ineffi- 

 cient. The question is, what use does he 



