June 17, 1904.] 



SCIENCE. 



915 



Paiute stocks; that the Yokut tribes were 

 a peaceful people and were the earlier oc- 

 cupants of the region ; and that the Paiute 

 tribes were more powerful and warlike and 

 entered at a later period. He states that 

 bands of Paiutes, leaving their desert 

 homes east of the mountains, had pushed 

 through the passes of the Sierra, invaded 

 certain valleys of the west slope, and driven 

 out the Yokut people. 



Tribes of other, linguistic families in- 

 habited the hot Tulare-Kern Basin and the 

 region to the west and southwest, but they 

 do not come within the scope of the present 

 paper. 



In the area south of Fresno Creek I have 

 obtained vocabularies from eighteen tribes, 

 of which nine are of Yokut origin and nine 

 of supposed Paiute or Shoshonian origin. 



THE YOKUT TRIBES. 



The country of the Yokuts comprises the 

 eastern part of the San Joaquin Valley 

 and adjacent lower slopes of the Sierra 

 from Fresno Creek southward to the 

 Bakersfield Plain. Their villages, when 

 the whites first visited this part of Cali- 

 fornia, were numerous and prosperous, 

 and the territory claimed by the various 

 tribes spread continuously from one end 

 of the area to the other. The tribes were 

 most numerous in the Kaweah Delta region 

 and on Kings River and the San Joaquin. 

 Food was abundant and easily procured 

 and the population M^as large. Some of 

 the early settlers estimated that at the time 

 of their arrival the number of Indians in 

 the Kaweah Delta was at least five thou- 

 sand. But this region early suffered the 

 usual results of the coming of the whites- 

 first the Spaniards and Mexicans, soon 

 afterward the Americans. Not only were 

 the fertile valley lands taken possession of, 

 but the rich harvest of acorns of the valley 

 oaks was coveted by the hog men, who in 

 their greed were not willing even to divide 



the crop with the native inhabitants. At 

 the north end of Tulare Lake two or three 

 tribes were rounded up by the hog men 

 and brutally herded and driven north dur- 

 ing the winter rains to the mountains 

 northeast of where Fresno now stands. 

 Many fell by the way, and some who es- 

 caped were 'taken care of on their return.' 

 This and other exploits help to explain 

 the almost complete extermination of the 

 Tache, Natoonata and several other tribes. 

 But this is not the place to tell of the out- 

 rages committed by the whites on these 

 inoffensive people. Let it suffice that 

 events and incidents connected with the 

 establishment and growth of Visalia on the 

 Kaweah River, and of the towns on Kings 

 River, led to the destruction of numerous 

 tribes. Nevertheless, remnants of at least 

 nine Yokut tribes still exist. These, be- 

 ginning at the north, are: 



1. Chuk-chan'-cy, inhabiting the foothill 

 country between Fresno Creek on the north 

 and the San Joaquin River on the south, 

 from a little above Fresno Flat in the lower 

 part of the Transition or Ponderosa pine 

 belt down to the site of old Millerton near 

 the lower edge of the Upper Sonoran or 

 Digger pine belt. 



2. Pit-kah'-te (or Pit-kah'-che), on the 

 south side of the San Joaquin below Miller- 

 ton, in the Lower Sonoran zone. Only a 

 few left. 



3. Eosh-sho'-o (or Gosh'-sho-o), on Dry 

 Creek and Table Mountain, in the Upper 

 Sonoran zone. Nearly extinct. 



4. Cho-e-nim'-ne, on Kings River at 

 mouth of Mill Creek,_and the closely re- 

 lated Cho-ki'-min-ah of Squaw Valley, both 

 in the Upper Sonoran zone. Only a few 

 families left. 



5. Wik-tchum'-ne, on Kaweah River 

 near Limekiln or Lemon Cove, on the 

 border between the Upper and Lower 

 Sonoran zones. 



6. Td-duni'-ne, formerly on Kaweah 



