916 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XIX. No. 494. 



Eiver below Visalia, in the Lower Sonoran 

 zone. Now nearly extinct. 



7. Na-too'-na-ta (or Na-toon'-a-td), for- 

 merly on Kings River north of Tulare 

 Lake, near the abandoned town of Kings- 

 ton, in the Lower Sonoran zone. Nearly 

 extinct. 



8. Tah'-che, on Tulare Lake, in Lower 

 Sonoran zone. Only a few left. 



9. Yow' -el-man' -ne, formerly on Bakers- 

 field Plain and thence to Kern Lake, in 

 Lower Sonoran zone. Only a few left. 



THE PAIUTE TRIBES. 



The country of the Paiutes, as every one 

 knows, is the desert region east of the 

 Sierra. The tribes of Paiute origin which 

 invaded the Sierra and established them- 

 selves on the west slope are : 



1. Nim, on North Fork of San Joaquin 

 and adjacent region^ in the Ponder osa pine 

 or Transition zone. Called Pa-zo-ods by 

 their relatives, the Hol'-ko-mah. Those 

 living in San Joaquin Canyon are called 

 by the Wuksache Eash-a-woosh-ah. 



2. Hol'-ko-mah (or Hol-o'-kom-mah, or 

 To-win-che'-ba), on Sycamore Creek and 

 Big Creek, north of Kings River, in the 

 lower edge of the Ponderosa pine belt and 

 upper edge of the Digger pine (borderland 

 between Upper Sonoran and Transition 

 zones). There is some doubt as to the 

 proper name of this tribe. 



3. Eo-ko-he'-ba, in Burr Valley, with one 

 village over the divide, looking into the 

 valley of Sycamore Creek, in the upper 

 part of the Upper Sonoran or Digger pine 

 belt. Only a few left. 



4. Em-tim' -bitch, in the valley of Mill 

 Creek, some miles south of its junction with 

 Kings River, in lower half of Transition 

 and upper part of Upper Sonoran zones. 



5. Wuk-sa'-che, in Eshom Valley north 

 of Kaweah River, along the border between 

 the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones. 



6. Pa-kan'-e-pnl, in valley of South Fork 



of Kern River, in the Upper Sonoran zone. 

 They also call themselves Te-bol-e-lob'-e-lay 

 (meaning pine nut eaters). The Towel- 

 manne call them Wah-lik-nas'-se. 



7. New-oo'-ah, on Paiute Mountain and 

 neighboring region, from Kelso Creek on 

 the north nearly to Tehachapi on the south, 

 in Upper Sonoran zone. The name of this 

 tribe in the languages of their neighbors, 

 the Towelmanne and Pakanepul, is Eow- 

 a'-sah or Eah-wis'-sah. 



Geographically the Paiute tribes may be 

 arranged in two groups, separated from 

 each other by a considerable interval not 

 inhabited by Indians of the same stock. 

 The first or northernmost group comprises 

 five tribes scattered among the mountain 

 valleys from the region about the North 

 Fork of San Joaquin River south to Eshom 

 Valley, namely, Nim, Hol'-ko-mah, Ko-ko- 

 he'-ba, Em-tim'-bitch and Wuk-sa'-che. All 

 of these are unquestionably of Paiute 

 origin. 



The second group lies much farther 

 south, in the valley of South Fork of Kern, 

 and thence southerly over Paiute Mountain 

 to the neighborhood of Tehachapi, and com- 

 prises two tribes— the Pa-kan'-e-pul, on 

 South Fork of Kern, and the New-oo'-ah, 

 centering about Paiute Mountain. Their 

 relations are not certain. 



An examination of the languages of the 

 Paiute tribes shows at once that they are 

 by no means equally related either to one 

 another or to the desert Indians from 

 whom they originally came. The five 

 northern tribes probably crossed the moun- 

 tains in comparatively recent times, for 

 their dialects differ only slightly from one 

 another and from that of the Petonaquats 

 or Owens Valley Paiutes. The two southern 

 tribes, if really of Paiute origin, must have 

 invaded the region in very ancient times, 

 for their tongues differ so widely from one 

 another and from the assumed parent stock 

 that it is only by certain common roots 



