92 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XXII. No. 551. 



illustrations at a minimum cost of labor. 

 Some essays of the kind were made and pub- 

 lished in the Bulletin of the Museimi of 

 Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 

 Vol. XXXVIII., 1902, Pis. 11, 12 and 13, in 

 the Amer. Jour, of Science^ August, 1903, 

 pp. 118 and 120, and in the American Geolo- 

 gist, August, 1903, p. QQ. The machine there 

 used was an ordinary Underwood typewriter 



easily and quickly applied cross-hatchings, 

 etc., made with an ordinary drawing pen. In 

 complex diagrams free-hand work may gen- 

 erally be expected to supplement the work of 

 the machine. The subject of each diagram 

 should thus be studied with the end of se- 

 curing suitable contrasts of legend along with 

 the maximum economy of pen work; yet some 

 pen work is almost always necessary. 



EYCOTT LAVAS 



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fitted with a black record silk ribbon. Re- 

 cently the Hammond Typewriter Company of 

 New York has constructed, from the writer's 

 specifications, a typewriter provided with a 

 carbon ribbon and with ninety special charac- 

 ters designed for the preparation of line 

 drawings to accompany geological and geo- 

 graphical papers. The same machine can be 

 similarly used for statistical, engineering and 

 other diagrams of a more or less mechanical 

 and simple composition. Of course, this 

 method should not wholly replace the use of 

 the pen even, for example, in the differentia- 

 tion of areas in a geological map or section. 

 The ultra mechanical look of the typewritten 

 legend can often be pleasingly relieved by the 



The typewriter has its most general applica- 

 tion in lettering, that most difiicult element in 

 line drawings. The particular machine made 

 by the Hammond Company has the advantage 

 of making it possible to employ a great range 

 of type styles. Using the carbon ribbon, the 

 writer has found that any one of the one 

 hundred and twenty-five shuttles made for the 

 machine (each shuttle bearing ninety charac- 

 ters and including the lettering for one of 

 twenty-six different languages), will give an 

 impression suitable for photographic reproduc- 

 tion. Each shuttle can be placed in the 

 machine ready for work in a few seconds. 

 The shuttles now on the market cost $2.50 

 each and any new character can be supplied 



