AUGUST 4, 1905.] 



SCIENCE. 



143 



mitted to the cylinder. At what pressure is the 

 steam when admitted to the cylinder? What is 

 the temperature of the steam for this pi'essure? 

 (See curve of steam pressure.) Does the maxi- 

 mum pressure recorded on the indicator card corre- 

 spond to that registered by the steam gauge? 

 During what fraction of a stroke is the maximum 

 pressure upon the piston exerted? (See indicator 

 card. ) 



Ascertain the internal dimensions of the cylin- 

 der. What is the temperature and what the pres- 

 sure of the exhaust steam? 



How many units of heat disappear as the 

 quantity of steam which enters the cylinder at 

 one time expands to the temperature and pressure 

 at the close of the stroke? (For final pressure 

 see indicator diagram.) How many imits of 

 heat disappear as the quantity of steam which 

 enters the cylinder at one time expands to the tem- 

 perature and pressure of the exhaust steam ? ( In 

 what other ways has heat disappeared?) ■ What 

 efficiency do these figures indicate ? 



Count the number of strokes per minute, and 

 determine the average pressure of steam in the 

 cylinder. (See indicator diagram.) What horse- 

 power is the engine developing? 



If the exhaust steam were conducted to another 

 cylinder attached to the same shaft and all the 

 heat which escapes to the exhaust were utilized 

 in this second cylinder, how many times larger 

 should the area of the piston be than that of the 

 first, the length of stroke in the two engines being 

 the same? 



Assuming the boiler at this plant to have the 

 same efficiency as that of the boilers at the college 

 heating plant, and omitting further loss by radia- 

 tion from the steam pipes, Avhat part of the energy 

 developed in the burning of a pound of coal actu- 

 ally appears as work? JoHN L. TiLTON. 



Simpson College, 

 Indiakola, Iowa. 



arguments alleged against the doctrine of 

 organic evolution. 

 To THE Editor of Science: It is not often 

 that in a single article emanating from good 

 authority, one is able to find, in concise form, 

 many of the so-called arguments of the anti- 

 evolutionist against the theory of the animal 

 descent of man. One of the most typical and 

 most recent of these expositions upon the rela- 

 tion of belief in this theory, with Biblical 

 teachings and established scientific facts, to- 



gether with what purports to be a registration 

 of vital points which would make a belief in 

 the evolution theory incredible, has come from 

 Professor L. T. Townsend, of Drew Theolog- 

 ical Seminary, in an address entitled, ' The 

 Collapse of Evolution,' delivered recently be- 

 fore the American Bible League, at the Boston 

 convention. 



This exposition appears to give in brief 

 form, an excellent idea of the attitude of the 

 average anti-evolutionist in respect to some 

 of the fundamental principles of the descent 

 theory (especially from the theological standi 

 point). Believing that there may be some of 

 your readers who would appreciate a concise 

 statement of this attitude, and of the argu- 

 ments which so many of the more conservative 

 anti-evolutionists of theological profession 

 hold towards certain phases of this much 

 troubled question, I have ventured to enclose 

 to you in brief, argumentative form (although 

 the address does not readily lend itself to 

 such arrangement) an account of this article 

 which, so far as I am aware, has appeared 

 only in a periodical of limited circulation. 

 The Bible Student and Teacher; and which, 

 to my mind, shows the theological anti-evolu- 

 tionist's standpoint in a definite and concise 

 manner. 



I undertake at this time no criticism of any 

 part of Professor Townsend's argument, but 

 attempt merely to state the argumentative 

 points of the address in the clearest and most 

 logical sequence possible. That many points 

 require criticism will be apparent to the most 

 casual reader; that, however, I leave to others. 

 The following is the gist of the argument : 



ASSERTION. 



The theory of evolution and the animal descent 

 of man is a poorly constructed affair, supported 

 by not one single well-established fact in science, 

 philosophy or religion, for: 

 I. The assertion that the original germs of animal 



life do not require the supernatural is false, 



for: 



1. Natural forces to-day can not produce the 



same germs. 



2. Spontaneous generation, in any sense, is not 



proved possible at the present day, ' and is 

 no longer mentioned in scientific circles.' 



