508 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XXII. No. 564. 



produced by insects, and this has been pub- 

 lished in the 29th Keport of the Department 

 of Geology and Natural Resources of Indiana, 

 and also issued as a seventy-page ' separate.' 

 The plan of this brochure is as follows : (1) a 

 short historical section, (2) biology and classi- 

 fication of gall-insects, (3) morphology of 

 galls, (4) causes inducing gall formation, (5) 

 a systematic account of Indiana galls, (6) 

 bibliography. Illustrations from drawings and 

 photographs serve to make the descriptions 

 easier to follow. 



This little booklet should stimulate interest 

 in these curious structures, about which there 

 has been practically nothing written in this 

 country in any systematic or connected way 

 until Dr. Cook took up the matter. He is 

 now at work on a monograph of the in- 

 sect galls of North America, in which the 

 galls will be classified with reference to the 

 host plants, and the treatment is to be pri- 

 marily from the standpoint of the plant pathol- 

 ogist. It is to be hoped that botanists and 

 entomologists will help in this undertaking 

 by sending him specimens of all kinds of galls 

 from different localities. 



Charles E. Bessey. 



Thp Univeesity of Nebraska. 



TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN AUSTRALIA} 



The necessity for providing the means of 

 imparting technical education has been unre- 

 servedly acknowledged in each of the states of 

 the Australian Commonwealth, the annual 

 combined expenditure in this direction being 

 over £60,000, exclusive of the cost of land, 

 buildings, etc. In Sydney, after successful 

 experiments in the formation of classes by 

 one of the state subsidized educational insti- 

 tutions, a technical education board was es- 

 tablished, which did good work until 1889, 

 when the state government assumed control 

 of the movement, the work of technical educa- 

 tion being handed over to the state department 

 of public instruction. The technical college, 

 forming the headquarters of the system, is 

 one of the leading architectural features of 



^ Communicated to the Journal of the Society 

 of Arts by Mr. John Plummer, of Sydney. 



Sydney. The fronts of the main structure are 

 ornamented with Romanesque carvings in 

 white stone, showing representative flora and 

 fauna of Australia. The main entrance is 

 formed by a triple arch, with two center col- 

 umns of polished bluestone or trachyte, flanked 

 by two pilasters of the same material. The 

 main building to which access is thus gained 

 has three floors and a half -basement, and con- 

 tains 28 rooms, many well lighted, lofty and 

 suitable class-rooms. There is a chehiical 

 laboratory, and at the rear of the main struc- 

 ture are electrical engineering, plumbing, san- 

 itary engineering, blacksmiths' shops and well- 

 equipped general engineering shops. In 1903 

 there were 477 technical classes in operation, 

 of which 243 were held in Sydney and suburbs 

 and 234 in the country districts, while there 

 were in addition 86 classes held in connection 

 with the public schools. The number of indi- 

 vidual students under instruction during the 

 year was 13,232, and the average weekly at- 

 tendance 8,671. In 1896 a technical college 

 was opened at Newcastle, and a new college at 

 Bathurst in June, 1898. In 1902 a technical 

 school was built at Lithgow, and mechanical 

 engineering shops provided at Newcastle. 

 During the year the expenditure by the gov- 

 ernment on technical education amounted to 

 £26,459, exclusive of expenditure on the tech- 

 nical museum and branches. Tees to the 

 amount of £8,707 were received from the stu- 

 dents. In Victoria much has been done in 

 promoting the work of technical education, a 

 patriotic Victorian having assisted the earlier 

 stages of the movement by giving £15,500 

 towards the establishment of a workingmen's 

 college. In 1903 there were eighteen schools 

 of mines and technical schools receiving aid 

 from the state. The total state expenditure 

 during the year was £16,430, and the fees re- 

 ceived from students amounted to £11,741. 

 The average number of students enrolled was 

 3,173. In addition, classes in maniial training 

 and in cookery and domestic economy are held 

 at various centers, the net expenditure on 

 these branches amounting in 1902-3 to £3,437. 

 In South Australia the Adelaide School of 

 Design in 1903 had 577 students. There were 

 also branch schools at Port Adelaide and Gaw- 



