778 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XXII. No. 572. 



Yale — that started scientific schools almost 

 simultaneously in 1846-7 ; and this purpose 

 characterizes the great endowed institutions 

 to-day quite as strongly as it does the state 

 universities. To this general proposition 

 there is only one important exception ; the 

 state universities and many of the endowed 

 institutions give no direct training for the 

 ministry. For law, medicine, teaching, 

 engineering of all sorts, mining, agricul- 

 ture, manufacturing, the mechanic arts, 

 and business, the American universities, so 

 far as they discern the needs of the coun- 

 try, make the amplest provision which 

 their resources permit. Several of them 

 have lately added architecture to the list 

 of their professional subjects. The train- 

 ing of professional musicians in a large 

 sense has been taken up by a few universi- 

 ties. As soon as forestry was recognized 

 as a needed profession in the United States, 

 several universities began to provide in- 

 struction in that great subject. It is obvi- 

 ously the purpose of the American institu- 

 tions of learning to train young men for all 

 intellectual callings, making no distinction 

 among them as regards their dignity and 

 serviceableness. 



The one exception in the case of the min- 

 istry has been made by the state authori- 

 ties, because the states can not well admit 

 single denominations to the control of theo- 

 logical instruction in their universities, and 

 until recently undenominational theological 

 instruction has not been recognized as a 

 possibility. Many of the endowed institu- 

 tions have so dreaded denominational con- 

 trol that they have preferred to omit alto- 

 gether the department of divinity from 

 their organization. Even institutions ex- 

 pressly created to spread a knowledge of 

 the gospel and to prepare missionaries and 

 schoolmasters, like Dartmouth College, for 

 example, have omitted to establish a school 

 or department of theology, preferring to 

 send their graduates in search of theolog- 



ical training to special schools, or to other 

 colleges which maintain a department of 

 divinity. In this respect the case of Dart- 

 mouth College is particularly interesting, 

 for it maintains a medical school, a school 

 of science and the arts, a school of civil 

 engineering and a school of administration 

 and finance, but no school of theology. 



The University of California very well 

 illustrates the comprehensive purpose of 

 American universities with regard to pro- 

 fessional training. In addition to colleges 

 of letters, of social science and of natural 

 science, it maintains colleges of commerce, 

 agriculture, mechanics, mining, civil engi- 

 neering and chemistry, an institute of art, 

 a college of law, a medical department, a 

 dental department and a college of phar- 

 macy. This purely state university is well 

 matched by Cornell University on the other 

 side of the country, a university governed 

 by a board of trustees, and enriched by 

 many private benefactions, but also by the 

 bounty of the United States and the state 

 of New York. This institution compre- 

 hends, in addition to the college of arts 

 and sciences, a graduate department, the 

 college of law, the medical college, the 

 New York state veterinary college, the 

 college of agriculture, the college of 

 aichitecture, the college of civil engineer- 

 ing and the college of mechanical engi- 

 neering and mechanic arts. It is clear, 

 therefore, that the American universities 

 intend not only to train men for the pro- 

 fessions long called learned, but to 'pro- 

 mote the liberal and practical education of 

 the industrial 'classes in the several pur- 

 suits and professions in life,' to quote the 

 act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, 

 granting to the several states public lands 

 for educational purposes. Of course, many 

 American colleges and universities are at 

 present unable to furnish this great variety 

 of professional instruction; but they all 

 wish to do so, and all press that way as fast 



