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SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XXII. No. 573. 



varieties or races, and as social creatures 

 united by language and law and organized 

 in families, communities, societies, com- 

 monwealths and nations. In like manner 

 the science in its broader aspects deals 

 with man as a producer or creator of arti- 

 ficial things, and so as a progressive power 

 in the conquest of lower nature ; and in its 

 highest aspect the science deals with the 

 development of both man and his works, 

 and seeks to trace the paths of human 

 progress not only in the interest of definite 

 knowledge concerning our own kind, but in 

 the hope of wiser guidance toward future 

 progress. 



Such, in brief, is the broad science of 

 anthropology; and of such were the field 

 and the motives of the department. 



II. 



Practically, the field of anthropology is 

 divided among several subsciences, each 

 pertaining to a class of human attributes : 



1. The science or subscience of man con- 

 sidered as an organism, or as the highest 

 genus and species of the animal realm, is 

 called physical anthropology or andrology ; 

 its object-matter is the individual human 

 organism, or anthropos; its methods in- 

 clude anthropometry and the comparison 

 of the characteristics obtained thereby. It 

 embraces anatomy and physiology, and is 

 closely related to the beneficent sciences 

 connected with medical theory and practise. 



2. Of late, the science of the human mind 

 and of man as an organism dominated by 

 mental power is called psychology; its 

 object-matter is the psyche, individual and 

 collective ; it deals with the brain and nerv- 

 ous system considered in relation to bodily 

 movements and §,ctions, both individual and 

 collective ; its methods embrace psychom- 

 etry and the comparison of the .characters 

 of individuals and classes ascertained there- 

 by. Especially in the practical applica- 

 tions which grew up before the science 



assumed systematic form, it embraces sev- 

 eral branches of more or less definite knowl- 

 edge, and is related to the most important 

 directive and repressive instrumentalities 

 of modern life, including education, alien- 

 ism and social regulation. 



3. The still broader science of the human 

 activities, or of man as a producer or cre- 

 ator, and also of human productions, is 

 commonly known in its descriptive aspect 

 as demography and in its systematic aspect 

 as demology ; its object-matter is the demos^ 

 or artificial group ; it deals with what men 

 do; and it embraces several subsciences 

 each dealing with an important class of 

 activities, viz., arts, industries, languages, 

 laws and philosophies. 



4. The science of man considered as an 

 assemblage of races is known as ethnology ; 

 its object-matter is the ethnos, or natural 

 group, of mankind defined in terms of 

 physical, of mental, or of activital features 

 or of these combined ; and its methods com- 

 bine those of the fundamental sciences 

 (andrology, psychology and demology). 

 In its descriptive aspect this is known as 

 ethnography. 



5. The several sciences dealing with man 

 and his works touch that development or 

 phylogeny of mankind in which lie the 

 chief interest and value of anthropology; 

 for whatever the immediate aims, it is the 

 ultimate aim of the science to trace the 

 course of human progress and classify in- 

 dividuals and peoples in terms of that 

 progress, and thus to learn so much as may 

 be of the origin and destiny of man. Up 

 to the present, the field of systematic knowl- 

 edge dealing with the progress of mankind 

 (the science of human phylogeny, some- 

 times called anthropogeny) has not been 

 clearly defined; for ever since Darwin and 

 Huxley and Haeckel discussed the evolu- 

 tion of man, a third of a century ago, this 

 has been the frontier of anthropology, the 



