816 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XXII. No. 573. 



of the activities ; and it is the special merit 

 of this classification that it is based on and 

 in turn becomes an index to what the 

 peoples habitually do, and hence to their 

 aptitude and capacity for uniting with 

 other peoples to promote human interests 

 and the welfare of the world. Reduced to 

 a scheme somewhat more consistent and 

 arbitrary than might be found in any single 

 continent, the activities and the principal 

 stages of their development are as follows: 



and established by current researches in 

 anthropology. The fundamental quality 

 of these laws is such that the phenomena 

 of nature (including those of the human 

 realm) can not be interpreted without 

 recognizing or at least postulating all of 

 them ; and that no other postulates are re- 

 quired for the interpretation of phenomena. 

 The last-named law " summarizes observa- 

 tion in such wise as to show that all man- 

 kind are closely bound in a potential if not 



When the world's peoples are classified 

 by culture-grade, or in terms of progress 

 from the lowest to the highest stages, it at 

 once becomes manifest that they are ar- 

 ranged in accordance with mentality, 

 knowledge and cerebral capacity, and 

 measurably (with a few apparent excep- 

 tions) in accordance with general physical 

 development, including strength, endurance 

 and viability. It is especially significant 

 that the distinctively human attributes of 

 mentality and knowledge characteristic of 

 each culture-grade are essentially alike 

 among all the peoples pertaining to that 

 grade, however remote their homes and 

 however diverse their physical characters; 

 for these correspondences reveal a compre- 

 hensive law now recognized as forming one 

 of the five cardinal principles of science : 

 the first of these is the indestructibility of 

 matter, established by Lavoisier ; the second 

 is the persistence of force, discovered by 

 Rumf ord and Joule ; the third is the uni- 

 formity of nature, demonstrated by Tyn- 

 dall and Spencer ; the fourth is the develop- 

 ment of species, brought to light by Dar- 

 win, Wallace and Huxley; the fifth is the 

 responsivity of mind, suggested by Bacon 



actual community of thought, sentiment, 

 aspiration and interest ; and that, although 

 the germ of mentality springs among the 

 lower organisms, the psychic chasm sepa- 

 rating man from the beasts is far wider 

 than the physical break. Now when the 

 world's tribes and peoples are classified by 

 mind and knowledge, they fall into groups 

 each characterized by those activital rela- 

 tions and motives peculiar to particular 

 stages in the conjoint development of men- 

 tal and manual processes; so that the final 

 classification is a systematic arrangement 

 of man and his works, both viewed in the 

 broadest aspect and reduced to terms of 

 works. Somewhat provisionally expressed 

 in a conspectus, which like any other tab- 

 ular arrangement is simpler and more arbi- 

 trary than the apparent chaos of unreduced 

 facts might seem to demand, the better- 

 studied classes (industries and industrial 

 products, laws and institutions, and philos- 

 ophies) may be represented as on p. 817. 



Such are the leading classifications of 

 mankind, by race, by genetic affinity, by 

 activity, by stages of activital development, 

 and by those steps in mental progress which 

 during the ages have raised man from the 



