Decembek 22, 1905.] 



SCIENCE. 



821 



over nature. The way is long from be- 

 nighted Blackfellow or savage Seri to the 

 apostle of a kindly cult, the founder of a 

 parliament, or the f ramer of a constitution ; 

 yet the world's laws are its mile stones. 



Throughout its growth law is the expres- 

 sion of the best judgment and the highest 

 intelligence of the time ; hence it affords a 

 measure of mental capacity, or of mind, in 

 each stage of man 's progress from savagery 

 toward enlightenment. In each stage, too, 

 the law is connected with arts and indus- 

 tries and with language and philosophy, 

 expressing corresponding degrees of intelli- 

 gence and affording other yet cognate meas- 

 ures of the mind of the time ; and since the 

 arts and industries, the languages and 

 philosophies, are, like the law, the product 

 of progressively expanding intelligence, it 

 becomes clear that mind is tha mainspring 

 of man's progress, the special force under- 

 lying human development. In this view, 

 the world's peoples are united in a solidar- 

 ity of growing interdependence in which 

 the less advanced may profit by association 

 with the more advanced, and all may — 

 indeed, must— proceed toward higher and 

 higher intellectual advance, and toward 

 more and more complete conquest over 

 lower nature. In this view, too, the 

 world's tribes and peoples illustrate steps 

 in the development of intelligent man ; and 

 each is at once an object-lesson in the ill- 

 written history of the human past and an 

 object for beneficent example and effort — 

 for man has no higher duty than that of 

 mending the way of human progress. In 

 this, as in every other view, the way is long 

 from savage shaman to an Alexander or a 

 Cffisar, from barbaric bandit to a Cromwell 

 or a Washington, from rapacious elder- 

 woman of a maternal clan to a Jeanne 

 d'Arc or a Florence Nightingale— the way 

 is long from a pygmy or an Ainu to a 

 Roosevelt or a Francis: yet the way is so 



clear that even those who run may read 

 aright if only the steps are shown in living 

 examples. 



V. 

 As the scope of the department was 

 finally defined, it was necessarily adjusted 

 to economic conditions arising from the 

 curtailment, amounting to nearly 98 per 

 cent., in the estimated needs.^ It was af- 

 fected also by the unprecedented breadth 

 of scope of the Universal Exposition of 

 1904 ; for before the department was finally 

 vitalized the voluntary participation of all 

 the world's races and most of the nations 

 was assured. The field of the department 

 was materially affected, too, by the plans 

 for the Philippine exposition, developed 

 after the original estimates were submitted 

 and before the department was finally cre- 

 ated. Under the conditions, the scope of 

 the department of anthropology came to 

 comprise : ( 1 ) a representation of a limited 

 number of the world's least-known ethnic 

 types, i. e., races or subraces defined on the 

 physical basis; (2) a representation of a 

 few of the world's least-known culture 

 types, i. e., of peoples defined on the ac- 

 tivital (or mental) basis; (3) a repre- 

 sentation of the principal methods and ap- 

 pliances used in research concerning the 

 physical and mental characters of man- 

 kind; (4) a representation of typical evi- 



- The estimate of Chairman Lehmann for main- 

 taining the department of anthropology was 

 $3,000,000; the appropriation was $60,000, or two 

 per cent, of the estimate. The estimate of Chair- 

 man Chouteau for creating a department of his- 

 tory was $250,000; the appropriation was $15,000, 

 or six per cent, of the estimate, the projected 

 department being merged in the department of 

 anthropology, Avhere it was made one of six 

 coordinate sections. The exposition appropria- 

 tions were augmented by governmental appropria- 

 tions for an Indian school and cognate exhibits 

 amounting to $65,000. The final aggregate was 

 thus $140,000, or 4.-34 per cent, of the original 

 estimates of $3,250,000 for anthropology and 

 history. 



