Febeuakt 23, 1906.] 



SCIENCE. 



297 



shall do well to avoid inferences as to rela- 

 tionship based on a single character. Phy- 

 logenies of the angiosperms based on the 

 structure of the root-tip, or of the conifers 

 on the supposed occurrence of a ligule in 

 the Araucarinese, or of the Pteridophyta 

 derived from the presence or absence of a 

 suspensor in the embryo or a basal cell in 

 the archegonium, have in the past been far 

 too common. We morphologists have 

 sinned the sins of youth in this respect and 

 have often provoked the just censure of 

 the taxonomists. We must avoid, too, the 

 using, for phylogenetic purposes, of charac- 

 ters which can be easily modified by en- 

 vironment, in other words characters which 

 are formal or physiological. In making 

 our phylogenetic trees, as Professor Coulter 

 has recently happily expressed it, we have 

 begun with the topmost branches and then 

 have followed downward into the trunk. 

 May we successfully continue this down- 

 ward progress, so that in the fullness of 

 time our perfect tree may stand firmly 

 rooted in the earth, drawing strength and 

 nourishment from every stratum which 

 contains a vestige of the former vegetation 

 of the world. E. C. Jeffrey. 



H.iEVAED UNIVEKSITT, 



Cambbidge, Mass. 



TEE AFFILIATION OF PSYCHOLOGY WITH 

 PHILOSOPHY AND WITH TH,E NAT- 

 URAL SCIENCES} 



I AM embarrassed that this discussion of 

 ' This was. the topic on the program of the 

 joint meeting of the Philosophical and Psycholog- 

 ical Associations at Harvard, December 27, 1905. 

 The introductory exercises of this session con- 

 sisted in dedicating the new Emerson Hall with 

 addresses by President Eliot, Dr. Emerson and 

 Professor Miinsterberg. The last named opened the 

 discussion of the above question by arguing that 

 philosophy and psychology, now under one roof, 

 should be one and inseparable. The address here 

 printed follows exactly as it was given except 

 that part of the first paragraph was spoken in 

 the discussion at the end. 



the relations between philosophy and psy- 

 chology immediately follows the exercises 

 which have so emphatically and reiter- 

 atedly pronounced them one. I had writ- 

 ten my brief paper purposely in a slightly 

 more partisan than judicial spirit because 

 asked to represent one side, and informed 

 that others would represent the other. I 

 had no idea, however, that I must read 

 just at a moment which makes me seem to 

 be trying to put asunder what Harvard 

 has just now joined together. Objections 

 to marriages are usually called for before 

 the ceremony itself, and I almost feel that 

 the proprieties of the hour should make me 

 hold my peace here, though not forever 

 afterwards. I feel like a divorce lawyer, 

 thrusting his professional card into the 

 hands of a wedded pair before they have 

 left the church. However, the hospitality 

 of our hosts will be, I am sure, more than 

 adequate, and of course there was no 

 thought of projecting the momentum of 

 this occasion into the discussion to place 

 my side of it at a disadvantage. At least, 

 I will assume that the program takes pre- 

 cedence over any such proprieties and pro- 

 ceed with what I have written, which is as 

 follows : 



To me it seems only a truism to say that 

 we do not and, perhaps, never can know 

 any more of the ultimate nature, origin 

 and destiny of the soul than we can and 

 do of the nature, origin or destiny of 

 matter or of life. In this sense psychology 

 niay do very well for the present without 

 a soul as physics may do without an ulti- 

 mate definition of force, or biology without 

 a theory of life. This, moreover, is a posi- 

 tive and gnostic and not an agnostic stand- 

 point except to those who place meta- 

 physics, meta-biology or meta-psychology 

 above these sciences themselves. Defini- 

 tions of our science and even of each sense 

 of will, cognition, feeling and the rest, 

 may, perhaps, be divided into the following 



