920 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XXIII. No. 598. 



the papaw in the Mississippi Valley overlooks 

 the occurrence of this tree at a point much 

 farther north. The writer has noted its oc- 

 currence in the valley of Carroll Creek near 

 Mt. Carroll, HI., about five miles north of the 

 forty-second parallel of latitude, or nearly one 

 hundred miles farther north than the limits 

 given by Dr. White, and the tree there hears 

 fruit. A letter received to-day from A. B. 

 Hostetter, of Mt. Carroll, states that the fruit 

 seldom ripens, but that in favorable seasons 

 members of his family have gathered and 

 eaten the ripened fruit. The papaw in that 

 locality seems to be restricted to the rocky 

 gorge of Carroll Creek, a situation somewhat 

 sheltered. 



It may be of interest to note in this con- 

 nection that the papaw has been reported by 

 Wesley Bradfield, of the United States Forest 

 Service, to extend as far north as Grand 

 Traverse Bay in Michigan, or to about lati- 

 tude forty-five degrees, and it is of common 

 occurrence as far north as Grand Rapids, 

 Mich., in latitude forty-three degrees. 



Frank Leverett. 

 Ann Aebor, Michigan, 

 May 17, 1906. 



After having read the communication from 

 Dr. C. A. White in Science for the eleventh 

 of May this year, relative to the northern limit 

 of the papaw tree, I deem it my duty to in- 

 form the readers of your journal that this tree 

 grows under a high bluff of sandstone on the 

 south side of the Mississippi in the west end 

 of Rock Island County, near a place known 

 as Drury Landing. 



Two weeks ago I saw these trees in bloom. 

 I sought information regarding the ripening 

 of the fruit and the testimony was unanimous 

 by the residents in the neighborhood that the 

 fruit may and does ripen even in this northern 

 locality. It is known to have been offered for 

 sale on the market in Muscatine, on the op- 

 posite side of the river. So far as the distribu- 

 tion of this plant along the Mississippi is 

 concerned, it does not seem necessary to ac- 

 count for this by a hypothesis involving hu- 

 man .agency, although we may take it for 



granted that man has been an agent of some 

 consequence in the dispersal of its seeds. 



J. A. Udden. 

 Rock Island, III., 

 May 21, 1906. 



SPECIAL ARTICLES. 

 parallel development in brachiopoda. 



'Brachiopod HomcBomorphy : Pygope, Anti- 

 nomia, Pygites.' — The writer has presented a 

 paper with the above title to the Geological 

 Society of London, and it was read on March 

 21. It deals with the diphyoid Terebratulse, 

 of which so many species have borne the name 

 Terelratula diphya (Colonna). It is noted 

 that this name is pre^Linnean, and can, there- 

 fore, only date from the time when it was re- 

 vived by L. von Buch, 1834. Prior to that 

 several names had been given to these shells. 

 The first were Tereiratula cor and T. pileus 

 given by Bruguiere in 1792 in the Journ. His- 

 toire Naturelle. This paper has been entirely 

 overlooked by workers on these shells. Bru- 

 guiere's names indicate a perforate and an 

 imperforate species, respectively. Considera- 

 tion is then given to the synonymy of certain 

 diphyoid species : T. triangulus, Valenciennes 

 in Lamarck, which was actually founded on 

 Bruguiere's own figures of his T. pileus, re- 

 produced in ' Encyc. Meth.' ; T. triquetra, 

 Parkinson, which includes two species, a per- 

 forate and an imperforate; and T. antinomia, 

 Catullo, which covers various species. These 

 and others all antedate T. diphya, von Buch. 



Terehratula diphya is not the type of the 

 genus Pygope, as all test-books say; for Link, 

 the author of the generic name, referred only 

 to T. antinomia, Catullo. Reasons are given 

 for taking as the type of Pygope one of the 

 forms of T. antinomia which is considered to 

 be the same species as T. deltoidea, Val. Then 

 the later generic name Antinomia, Catullo, is 

 discvfssed. The genus was founded on five 

 species ; and one of them is now selected as the 

 "type — the genolectotype. This is A. dilataia, 

 Catullo, supposed to be eqilivalent to T. anti- 

 nomia, Catullo, that is, to what is now selected 

 to be the type of that species. In that case 

 the species would bear the name Antinomia 



