iEBKUAEY 15, 1907] 



SCIENCE 



251 



conforms closely to title; and acting with title it 

 becomes an expression of university approval and 

 merit. 



Commercial considerations, however, can not be 

 boTinded so. The commercial purpose is iluctu- 

 ating, insincere in the college field, and rests 

 upon a commercial basis and outside standards. 

 It is always subject to influence acting on the 

 outside, and these break into any desirable order 

 of things within. 



Therefore, when necessary, commercial influ- 

 ences should be met according to their demands, 

 not restricting or limiting the power of the uni- 

 versity to do this, but observing its best interests 

 while protecting its standards. The salary is the 

 means that makes the fulfilment in that case 

 possible and is the only compensation the college 

 can afford to offer commercialism. It could be 

 shown, on the whole, to be unwise for a university 

 to go far into extreme commercial competition for 

 men, and deal in such commercial margins upon 

 men as have accrued from popularity, or from 

 success in some one line of commercial activity. 



Thus salary, in part, must be held under a com- 

 mercial standard, while title always must be con- 

 sidered under an academic one. The two stand- 

 ards do not conform, and no effort could 

 draw them naturally together in defiance of com- 

 mercial law and custom. A uniform scale of 

 salaries, graded according to title, or defined by 

 the title, is an ideal to be approached as closely 

 as outside conditions will permit. Such uni- 

 formity, however, is not sufficiently supple for 

 working purposes; and for practical reasons, the 

 best results are obtained by a moderate departure 

 from it in different ways, limited not by defined 

 bounds, but by conservative administration, re- 

 taining always the ideal "in view. 



15. 



Let me say in answer to both questions that I 

 think the same salary should not be paid to men 

 bearing the same title. There should be an iden- 

 tical minimum salary to be paid to all men bear- 

 ing the same title with such additions in individ- 

 ual eases as the university may deem wise, in 

 order to recognize the moderate natural increase, 

 up to a certain limit, which ought to be given to 

 all members of the faculty who do faithful serv- 

 ice, and the exceptional increase which ought to 

 be granted to men of exceptional value. 



16. 



The question strikes me as scholastic. 

 University organization can not be modeled 



upon the army. The best interest of imiversity 

 service prohibits that it should be enterable only 

 at the bottom. University professorships high 

 and low should be open to competition. Profess- 

 ors do not need the shelter of benevolence nor to 

 be entrenched behind the contract esteem of bene- 

 factors. Universities should be free to get the 

 best men their resources will command. Hence 

 no rigid connection between title and salary roll 

 is advisable. 



17. 



I beg to offer as my opinion: 



That the same salary should not be paid to 

 men bearing the same title. I feel that in the 

 lower grades of the instructing force different 

 sums should be paid according to the character 

 and amount of work. In the grades of instruct- 

 ors, assistant professors and associate professors 

 I think there should be a minimum and a maxi- 

 mum limit — that in general, advancements or 

 appointments should be made at the minimum 

 figure, and there should be a regular automatic 

 increase in those salaries until the maximum limit 

 is reached; then it may be desirable to retain the 

 person at that salary either permanently or for 

 some time, until he has shown his qualifications 

 to be raised to the next grade. 



When it comes to the full professorships, I 

 think again there should be a minimum salary, 

 and that the advancement to what might be 

 termed the ' regular ' salary of full professor 

 should be, as in the lower grades, automatic and 

 regular; that above the regular salary there 

 should be exceptions made upon the sole con- 

 sideration of the value of the individual to the 

 university. That means discrimination, and I 

 believe in discriminating between the good, the 

 mediocre, and the bad. 



18. 

 It seems to me the fairest method is that a 

 certain minimum salary should be attached to 

 each title and that the appointment to such a 

 place would necessarily carry with it this mini- 

 mum salary, but there should be possibilities of 

 individual increase over this minimum. The 

 factors which should determine this differential 

 are various. The success of the professor in his 

 particular field, either as a teacher or as an in- 

 vestigator, or as a leader of public thought, or 

 interest in university activities should be fol- 

 lowed by some recognition in the way of increased 

 salary. I am afraid that, if promotion were 

 simply a matter of time or routine, there would 

 be a distinct lowering of effectual effort for ad- 



