Pebbuaey 15, 1907] 



SCIENCE 



275 



veloping — a matter made so explicit that the 

 phrase is coined to express it — it is strictly 

 the hnower's point of view from, which such 

 a dualism is depicted. I aim to trace the 

 natural history of the naive dualism of knowl- 

 edge inside the consciousness that has it. My 

 motive in saying this here is not so much to 

 meet this criticism as the wish to explain an 

 amhiguous phrase I have employed in the 

 book. I speak of ' foreign control ' as of 

 something ' foreign to the process itself ' (of 

 knowledge). What I mean is 'seeming to the 

 process itself to he foreign/ not 'seeming to 

 the writer to he foreign to or apart from the 

 process.' There is a real ambiguity in the 

 phrase, and I am^ herewith calling attention 

 to it. Others may be misled by it. 



Dr. Tawney also says that many of the 

 ' objects ' I distinguish are not such from the 

 knower's point of view ; implying that by using 

 that phrase I limit the ' knower's logic ' to 

 process having a self-conscious knower, that 

 is, to consciousness of the self-hnowing or 

 reflective type. On the contrary, I use 

 ' knower ' for any process that has knowledge, 

 as is customary; the dog, the worm, the mol- 

 lusc is a ' knower ' so far as it knows any- 

 thing; indeed, I have gone to excessive pains 

 to say that I treat of cognitive meanings from 

 the point of view of the process that has them 

 — the psychic point of view. How and with 

 what psychic meaning there arise objects of 

 knowledge in a progressive series, it is the 

 main problem of my book to discuss. It begs 

 the whole question to assume that there is no 

 knowledge except that which knows the self. 

 With the conclusions one may differ, but the 

 doctrine should be clearly expounded. 



Finally, a word in ethics. It is a writer's 

 duty sometimes to help the critic understand 

 his views; for a real embarrassment may arise 

 to one who fears to criticize, lest the criticism, 

 though possibly due to misinterpretation, may 

 yet seem to misrepresent and so to have upon 

 it the taint of intellectual dishonesty. I my- 

 self have sometimes felt in studying a book 

 that if I knew the writer's own real mind to be 

 or not to be what I take it to be, I should feel 

 more free in criticizing him ; for, of course, if 

 a critic does know better, misrepresentation is 



dishonest. So though in itself a point be 

 hardly important enough to require attention, 

 yet the author may have the duty of aiding 

 those who take interest in his work. 



J. Mark Baldwin 

 Johns Hopkins University, 

 February 3, 1907 



SPECIAL ARTICLES 



SYMMETRY IN BIG CLAWS OF THE LOBSTER 



The lobster is probably the most widely 

 known of living Crustacea, as it is one of the 

 largest, and most eagerly sought for food. 

 Few who have seen it have failed to notice 

 that the great 'forceps' or big claws are un- 

 like, the larger, which weighs from one quar- 

 ter to one half as much as the entire animal, 

 having crushing tubercles, while the smaller 

 and slenderer is armed with tooth-like spines. 

 The toothed, or ' quick,' claw, which is a ' lock- 

 forceps ' with serrate jaws, is used for seizing 

 and holding, and the larger crushing, or 

 ' club,' claw for rending and crushing the 

 prey. 



The large claws occur about as frequently 

 upon the right as upon the left side of the 

 body, and without distinction of sex, but as I 

 have shown to be the case with the shrimp 

 Alpheus, in which the asymmetry and in- 

 equality of the great chelae are even more 

 marked, this condition is probably one of di- 

 rect inheritance, all members of a brood being 

 either right-handed or left-handed. That is 

 to say, the normal position of the toothed or 

 crushing claw is not haphazard, but is pre- 

 determined in the egg. 



In 1895 I described a variation in the Amer- 

 ican lobster* {Romarus americanus) in which 

 both the big chelte were similar, and of the 

 toothed type. This variation was exceedingly 

 rare, only_ three eases having been found in a 

 collection of 2,430 lobsters made by Mr. Vinal 

 N. Edwards, the naturalist and collector of the 

 U. S. Fisheries' laboratory at Woods Hole, 

 Massachusetts. 



Since that time several papers have ap- 

 peared upon this subject, notably by Stahr,' 



' ' The American Lobster,' Bull. U. S. Fish 

 Comm., 1895, p. 143. 



' Jenaischen Zeitsohrift f. Naturioiss., 33 Bd., 



