March" 15, 1907] 



SCIENCE 



407 



comparison a curve may be developed 

 which shall show at any point of reference 

 the amount of available hydrogen present. 

 Tabulations of results from 180 coals 

 widely distributed throughout the United 

 States show an average as to accuracy 

 approximately one third better than the 

 results as derived from ultimate analysis. 



The Testing of Copper and its By-products 



in American Refineries: George L. 



Heath. 



A proper analytical control of refining 

 is attained by the determination of the 

 quality of all supplies and fluxes, and by 

 mechanical, electrical and chemical tests of 

 the metal itself. The growing severity of 

 commercial requirements in regard to the 

 purity and electrical conductivity of a 

 metal, whose properties are sensibly af- 

 fected by less than 0.002 per cent, of some 

 foreign elements, makes the knowledge and 

 control of its impurities a problem of the 

 highest importance for the present and 

 future, to both producer and consumer. 



A condensed account was given of the 

 latest methods of analysis, and assaying in 

 use at large smelting and custom labora- 

 tories, giving preference to those con- 

 sidered most accurate. 



A determination may be required of one, 

 or all, of the following elements; copper, 

 gold, silver, oxygen, sulphur, selenium, 

 tellurium, arsenic, antimony, tin, lead, 

 iron, zinc, cobalt, nickel and manganese, 

 and appropriate methods of analysis are 

 indicated, in the original paper, for each 

 natural group of foreign constituents. A 

 short discussion is also given of the tech- 

 nical determination of the electrical resist- 

 ance of copper, mentioning some causes 

 of lack of agreement in commercial tests. 



The Osage Or'ange: a Bye Wood: A. S. 



Wheeler and Stroud Jordan. 



The bright yellow coloring matter is ex- 

 tracted with alcohol, giving a beautiful 



green-red fluorescent solution. Textile 

 fabrics are readily dyed. The dye is not 

 a good indicator. Its constitution is under 

 investigation. 



The Determination of Arsenic and other 

 Solid Constituents of Smelter Smoke, 

 with a Study of the Effects of High 

 Stacks and Large Condensing Flues: 

 Wm. D. Harkins. 



The amounts of materials of industrial 

 value given out in the smoke are often 

 enormous. The analysis of the smoke of 

 one smelter shows an approximate daily 

 output in the smoke of fifty-five thousand 

 pounds of arsenic trioxide, three to four 

 million pounds of sulphur dioxide, three 

 hundred thousand pounds of sulphur tri- 

 oxide, six thousand pounds of zinc, five 

 thousand of copper, six thousand of 

 lead, five thousand of antimony, etc. High 

 stacks throw the smoke to a greater dis- 

 tance from the smelter than low stacks. 

 Captain Taylor's pilot tube is the best in- 

 strument for velocity determinations. 



Gases vs. Solids: an Investigation of the 

 Injurious Ingredients of Smelter Smoke: 

 W. G. Ebaugh. 



The results of experiments upon alfalfa 

 and sugar beet plants with (a) gaseous sul- 

 phur dioxide, (&) aqueous solutions of sul- 

 phur dioxide, and (c) 'flue dust' or fume 

 in various forms, show that heretofore the 

 amount of injury done by sulphur dioxide 

 has been unduly emphasized, and that that 

 due to the solid emanations of the smelters 

 has been ignored. The effects of the in- 

 vestigations will be to modify the means 

 adopted by smelting plants to eliminate the 

 dangerous substances from their smoke. 



Experiments on the Manufacture of Chlo- 

 rates and Hypochlorites with a View to 

 High Current Efficiency: A. G. Betts 

 and R. H. Sherry. 

 A series of experiments was made using 



