Apbii 12, 1907] 



SCIENCE 



577 



Therefore I believe it necessary to the 

 physical training of our youth, not that 

 they should receive more exercise or men- 

 tally exhaustive and complicated drills for 

 the exercise of muscles and fimctions of 

 which they know nothing, but that instead 

 they should receive simple, recreative exer- 

 cises graded according to their physiolog- 

 ical knowledge of themselves, and so ap- 

 plied that they can know what occurs in 

 their physiological economy when they ex- 

 ercise either body or mind— to the end that 

 physical efficiency be increased as abuses 

 decrease and the standard of life propor- 

 tionately raised. 



Standards of Social Efflciency in School 



Policy: John Franklin Crov^'ell, New 



York. 



There are three requisites by which 

 school work has to be judged to determine 

 its level in the scale of social worth. They 

 are the economic, the political and the 

 spiritual standards. 



The economic standard of efficiency re- 

 quires that the school training shall first 

 of all bend its efforts to guarantee to the 

 individual the capacity to make a decent 

 living and maintain a respectable livelihood 

 for himself and those rightfully dependent 

 upon him. 



The political standard requires that the 

 individual have that degree of intelligence 

 and self-expression to participate in con- 

 structive discussion on questions involving 

 the common welfare. 



The spiritual standard requires that 

 there be developed in each pupil the love 

 of things moral, intellectual and spiritual 

 so that he may appropriate for himself the 

 best that our civilization affords. 



Some Results of Research in Child-em- 

 ploying Industries: Owen R. Lovejot, 

 Assistant Secretary National Child Labor 

 Committee. 



The census for 1900 shows 1,750,178 chil- 

 dren between ten and fifteen years engaged 

 in gainful occupations. The majority are 

 in agricultural labor, but the numbers in- 

 crease most rapidly in the industrial trades. 

 While the chief evils are in the great in- 

 dustrial centers, we have found poverty, 

 ignorance and neglect of a large number 

 of children in country communities. There 

 is evidence that, in some branches of agri- 

 culture the hours of labor and housing con- 

 ditions are sufficiently alarming to warrant 

 the careful regulation of child labor in 

 agriculture. 



Research in manufacturing and me- 

 chanical pursuits, mercantile establish- 

 ments and street trades, indicates that as 

 soon as childhood shows its capacity for 

 any specific form of labor, industry at once 

 seizes it, and posits an economic necessity 

 for so doing; that the physical effects of 

 child labor are a menace to society; that 

 the effect upon family income is detri- 

 mental; and that child labor tends to in- 

 dustrial deterioration. 



While many phases of our research must 

 be carried on for several years before posi- 

 tive results are announced, we believe we 

 are justified in urging the following de- 

 mands in opposition to child labor: (1) 

 The regulation of all industries in which 

 children are employed, (2) the entire 

 elimination of the child under fourteen as 

 an industrial factor, (3) the restriction of 

 employment for children between fourteen 

 and sixteen, prohibiting the defective and 

 the illiterate and carefully regulating the 

 hours and employment of others, (4) the 

 agreement of age standards in child labor 

 laws and compulsory education laws and 

 the fitting of our educational curriculum to 

 the needs of our population, by providing 

 such training of the hand as will appeal to 

 the parents as promotive of the future in- 

 dustrial efficiency of their children. 



