Apeil 26, 1907] 



SCIENCE 



657 



may build in different ways. Without 

 other evidence, house construction is an 

 uncertain guide. Sites, too, were chosen 

 for physiographic reasons and site can not 

 be used as a gauge for race or tribe. Be- 

 cause houses and villages were built in 

 cliffs, we can not deduce a race of cliff- 

 dwellers, any more than we can deduce a 

 particular race of forest-dwellers because 

 we find houses in the woods. House con- 

 struction and house site in themselves indi- 

 cate no racial differences, or even cultural 

 differences. An otherwise advanced tribe 

 is sometimes prevented from constructing 

 permanent houses by superstition, as the 

 Navajos, who would not live in a house 

 where a death has occurred. 



The Colorado River seems to be a line of 

 demarkation between villages of the ter- 

 raced many-roomed village and the one- 

 story few-roomed type. Here is perhaps 

 a suggestion that the Apache and Ute en- 

 tered the country from the north, driving 

 the sedentary groups before them. The 

 canyons of the Colorado then were utilized 

 by the latter to hold the roving tribes at 

 bay. Indications of fortifications are 

 found at all fords and passes. 



Puebloan houses seem sometimes to have 

 been built to imitate the site, as in the case 

 of the village of Wolpi, where the breaks 

 and angles of the cliffs on which it stands 

 are reproduced in the walls till at a little 

 distance it is difficult to separate the nat- 

 ural from the artificial. 



Puebloan construction was mainly of two 

 materials: stone and clay. The stone was 

 (1) slabs, (2) Mocks. These were laid gen- 

 erally with clay mortar, but sometimes 

 there was no mortar, and the stones were 

 put together so neatly as to look like a fine 

 mosaic. "Where mortar was used the wall 

 was frequently plastered outside with clay 

 and sometimes whitewashed. 



The clay construction was of, at least. 



five kinds: (1) Adole bricks, either round 

 balls or the ordinary block form so well 

 known. Clay mortar was used. (2) Cajon, 

 a form of ramming wet clay into frames. 

 (3) Single wattle, plastered on one or on 

 both sides. (4) Dotible wattle with wet 

 clay rammed between. (5) Jacal, a wall 

 of upright stakes or rods, plastered with 

 clay on one or both sides. This last con- 

 struction was also in use east of the Mis- 

 sissippi. In some early Puebloan con- 

 struction the jacal was used for upper 

 stories, while the lower were of adobe 

 bricks or of stone. 



Physiography controls house construc- 

 tion more than does race or culture. In 

 addition there are the factors of daily 

 habit and superstition. The Lapps, after 

 centuries of close contact with a highly de- 

 veloped people, still dress in their primitive 

 way and live in lodges covered with earth. 



In 'The Archeology of Manabi, Ecuador' 

 and 'Notes on the Andean Cultures' Pro- 

 fessor Marshall H. SaviUe gave an interest- 

 ing account of a successful expedition to 

 those regions. He obtained an unrivaled 

 collection of so-called stone seats from the 

 environs of Monte Cristo in the coast re- 

 gion of Manabi. The entire absence of 

 stone implements except hammer-stones 

 was noted. Objects of copper are also 

 rare. There are very few ruins in Ecua- 

 dor, this being especially true of Manabi, 

 In the interior or Andean region only two 

 ruins are known. The present language 

 here is Quichua, but Inca infiuence is very 

 slight on the archeology of the district. As 

 one goes north the Inca influence becomes 

 less and less apparent. Most of the an- 

 tiquities found in the Andean district came 

 from near Rio Bamba. Many fine ex- 

 amples of pottery decorated by the so- 

 called lost color process that characterizes 

 a certain group of Chiriquian pottery as 

 described by Holmes were obtained at Rio 



