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SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XXV. No. 643 



to them from the islands of the ocean. 

 Since it was given later by the Luisenos to 

 their neighbors the Dieguenos, the religious 

 ritual in both tribes is the same. The 

 sandpainting is therefore found in both; 

 but has been most fully described among 

 the Luisenos. 



It was used in Mah-ne, the initiation 

 ceremony for boys when the Datura juice 

 mixed with water was drunk from the 

 sacred stone bowl; in Wu-kun-ish, the 

 girls' fiesta; in Ah-nut, the ant-ordeal; and 

 in U-nish Ma-ta-kish, the ceremony for 

 burying the feather head-dress, etc., belong- 

 ing to a toloache initiate after his death. 

 A central hole was dug, and the sand re- 

 moved from it was used to make a heaped- 

 up circle of a size varying in the different 

 ceremonies. This was painted by sprink- 

 ling with powdered paints, the outer edge 

 white; the middle, red; the inner edge 

 black; which circles signified the Milky 

 Way, the Sky and the Spirit of man, the 

 Indian words all meaning spirit ; the Milky 

 Way being the Spirit to which the spirits 

 of men go at death. 



Three included rows of nine points each 

 in succession make a geometrical figure 

 colored in the same order, white, red and 

 black; and the circle about the hole is 

 similarly painted. 



Small heaps of sand in several divisions 

 have each a special significance. The 

 whole of the sandpainting represents the 

 earth. The sky arching above it is sup- 

 posed to rest upon the circle of the Milky 

 Way. There is a door to the north to allow 

 of escape of the spirit after death. 



The candidate in all the ceremonies men- 

 tioned except the last, knelt before the 

 sandpainting facing the north with arms 

 extended and a hand placed on the ground 

 on either side of the painting, and spit 

 into the central hole a lump of sage seed 

 mixed with salt which signified the con- 

 clusion of a period of fasting. The hole 



was then filled by carefully sweeping the 

 sand from the circumference towards it, 

 thus obliterating the painting and ending 

 the ceremony. 



Mr. Charles H. Hawes, as guest of the 

 American Anthropological Association, 

 presented some very interesting 'Notes on 

 Cretan Anthropology. ' In 1903 Dr. Duck- 

 worth, of Cambridge University (Eng.), 

 measured 85 Cretan crania belonging to 

 the Bronze Age and 200 living subjects. 

 In 1905 Mr. Hawes added records of 11 

 ancient skulls and 1,440 living Cretans, 

 making on the latter about 29,000 meas- 

 urements and observations. 



The data for prehistoric times gives an 

 average cranial index (for 62 J*) of 73.4 

 and an estimated stature of 1,625 mm., 

 with a dolichocephalic percentage of 65.8 

 and a brachycephalie of only 8.5. From 

 these and the archeological evidence of a 

 non-Aryan culture, we conclude that pre- 

 historic Crete, like neighboring lands, was 

 peopled by a branch of the 'Mediterranean 

 race. ' 



But a brachycephalie minority existed 

 even in the earliest period of the Bronze 

 age, and the writer inclined to attribute 

 this to an infiltration from the Anatolian 

 highlands, of a people in the Neolithic 

 stage, whether the so-called 'Hittites' or 

 stragglers of the 'Alpine race.' 



The records on living Cretans yield an 

 average cephalic index (for 1,605 1^) of 

 79.2 and stature of 1,686 mm., with a 

 dolichocephalic percentage of only 12 and 

 a brachycephalie of 36.9. 



This broadening of the head and in- 

 crease in stature is attributed to immigra- 

 tion. A marked increase of brachycephal- 

 ism is noticeable towards the end of the 

 bronze age and this tallies with the tradi- 

 tion of an invasion from the north of the 

 Achseans and Dorians. 



Both tendencies owed something to the 

 Venetian occupation, but more to the 



