Mat 3, 1907] 



SCIENCE 



687 



guages, mathematics, including calculus, 

 descriptive geometry and drawing, physics, 

 mineralogy, elementary use of surveying 

 instruments, and metallurgy, without 

 which a course in engineering chemistry 

 could not be regarded as complete. The 

 increasing importance of bacteriology in 

 the fermentation industries and sanitary 

 chemistry, render it indispensable that the 

 student have some practise in the manipu- 

 lation of bacteria, and general use of the 

 microscope. He must understand the com- 

 position, methods of analysis, valuation 

 and uses of solid liquid and gaseous fuels, 

 and the methods of heating and lighting. 

 In the work of the fourth year, it is essen- 

 tial that the student be led to some extent 

 at least out of the routine of the previous 

 years, to develop greater self-reliance, and 

 to be brought into somewhat close touch 

 with chemical literature, to establish the 

 habit of ascertaining what has been done 

 in any special line of work before under- 

 taking it himself. It is important that 

 he gain a clear understanding of the 

 proper methods of attacking new problems 

 and that he appreciate the necessity of 

 depending on his own resources. In the 

 ordinary course of four years the time that 

 can be devoted to such study is much too 

 limited, but it should be insisted on to the 

 fullest possible extent. The atmosphere of 

 the laboratory should have the stimulating 

 influence of original research. If students 

 feel that they have something before them 

 besides the routine courses it keeps them up 

 to their best effort; they quickly perceive 

 the difference between the spirit of an in- 

 structor who has no ambition beyond the 

 hourly recitation and that of one imbued 

 with enthusiasm of original study, and 

 eager to impart something of his own im- 

 pulse. 



Since the chief aim is the preparation 

 of the chemist for efficient service in the 

 manufactory, an essential feature of our 



discussion relates to the method of teach- 

 ing industrial chemistry. Evidently in a 

 well-balanced course this instruction should 

 be preceded by the routine work of the 

 first three years, general, analytical, phys- 

 ical, and organic chemistry, all of which 

 is a necessary preparation. Since there is 

 at present nearly as great a demand for 

 men in positions where organic chemistry 

 is requisite as in places which concern 

 inorganic processes alone, the student must 

 be well grounded in theoretical and prac- 

 tical organic chemistry, when undertaking 

 industrial chemistry. I have found it an 

 excellent plan to carry along the course of 

 organic industrial chemistry in the same 

 term with lectures and laboratory practise 

 in organic chemistry. Every operation in 

 applied chemistry is so closely attended by 

 physical conditions affecting economic re* 

 suits, it is necessary that attendant condi- 

 tions of processes be kept constantly be- 

 fore the student. As one of numerous ex- 

 amples that may be suggested, vapor ten- 

 sion, heat of solution, vaporization, specific 

 heat, are closely connected with distilla- 

 tion, solution, crystallization and purifica- 

 tion. ! 

 The schools of science owe their founda- 

 tion primarily to the labors of self-educated 

 men, who without the advantages of sys- 

 tematic training have devised and per- 

 fected on a business basis the fundamental 

 methods of the factory. In taking up the 

 burden of his forebears the young graduate 

 is expected to extend it with the advance 

 of modem demands. Shall the school of 

 science attempt to duplicate in a miniature 

 fashion the factory methods with suitable 

 machinery and appliances, or shall its ef- 

 forts be directed toward broad training in 

 fundamental principles with such labora- 

 tory applications as are needed to compre- 

 hend an expansion to a manufacturing 

 scale? Evidently this question should be 

 considered from several points of view. It 



