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SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XXV. No. 651 



fessor of botany and medicine, who made 

 him a member of his family. Here he had 

 access to books and to a small museum of 

 natural history, and found much leisure 

 for exploring the neighboring country and 

 for collecting objects of natural history. 

 At the end of a year he went to Upsala, 

 where, under Rudbeck and Roberg, he ad- 

 vanced rapidly in medicine and botany. 

 Here he won the friendship of the re- 

 nowned Olaf Celsius, whom he later char- 

 acterized as the best botanist in Sweden, 

 and of Artedi, a fellow student, who after- 

 wards became the founder of ichthyology. 

 During his whole course at Upsala, it is said 

 that he did not hear a single public lecture 

 on either anatomy, botany or chemistry, 

 but he and Artedi, in good-tempered ri- 

 valry, were devoting their energies to nat- 

 ural history, Linnteus to plants, birds and 

 insects, and Artedi to amphibia and fishes. 

 Linnffius here also began the preparation'of 

 his epoch-making works on botany and of 

 the first edition of his ' Systema Naturse,' 

 published a few years later in Holland. 



In 1732, at the age of twenty-five years, 

 he was commissioned by the Upsala Acad- 

 emy of Sciences to make a tour of explora- 

 tion in Lapland in the interest of natural 

 history. He left Upsala on the twelfth of 

 May, and after an absence of five months 

 returned to Upsala on the tenth of October. 

 This remarkable journey of 4,600 miles was 

 made partly on horseback, partly by boat 

 and partly on foot; it extended northwest- 

 ward across the Norwegian Alps to the 

 coast of Norway beyond the Arctic Circle ; 

 the return journey was made by way of 

 eastern Finland. It was an undertaking 

 of great hardship and much danger, being 

 performed alone, aided only by local guides 

 employed to conduct the way from one 

 point to another. On his return a report 

 of his journey was presented to the acad- 

 emy, but it remained in manuscript until 

 translated and published in English by 



Dr. James Edward Smith, the first presi- 

 dent of the Linntean Society of London, in 

 1811.- The botanical results, however, 

 were published separately by Linnjsus him- 

 self, in 1737. 



The following year was spent at Upsala, 

 where he attempted to eke out his scanty 

 means of support by giving lectures on bot- 

 any, mineralogy and chemistry. This 

 proved contrary to one of the statutes of 

 the university, to the effect that no one 

 should give public lectures who had not 

 obtained his doctor's degree, which statute 

 was invoked against him by Rosen, the 

 successor to Rudbeck in the professorship 

 of medicine and anatomy, who was jealous 

 of LinufEus's abilities and attainments. 

 Deprived of this financial resource, he took 

 some of his pupils on excursions into the 

 neighboring mountains, where he met the 

 governor of the province of Daleearlia, who 

 sent him to explore and report on certain 

 copper mines in which he was interested. 

 While on this journey he gave lectures at 

 Fahlun on mineralogy and assaying. Here 

 he made the acquaintance of Dr. Morseus, 

 a learned and wealthy physician of the dis- 

 trict, and his two daughters, to one of whom 

 he became betrothed; the father, however, 

 insisted on deferring the marriage till Lin- 

 njeus had completed his professional studies 

 and obtained his medical degree. For this 

 purpose, in the spring of 1735, he jour- 



-The herbaria, library (about 2,500 volumes), 

 manuscripts and correspondence of Linnseus were 

 offered by his widow and daughters, ' by the ad- 

 vice of friends,' to Sir Joseph Banks, ' for the 

 sum of a thousand guineas ' ; Sir Joseph, not feel- 

 ing inclined to the purchase, recommended it to 

 the consideration of his friend Doctor (later Sir) 

 J. E. Smith, by whom these treasures were se- 

 cured and transferred to England (Turton, 'Life 

 and Writings of Linnipus,' 1806, p. [39]), and 

 later passed into the possession of the Linnaean 

 Society of London, founded in 178S through the 

 efforts of Dr. Smith, who was its first president. 

 (See Jardine's 'Naturalist's Library,' Vol. I., 

 1833, p. 58.) 



