Mat 1, 1908] 



SCIENCE 



693 



mark should, of course, be confined to one 

 locality and one season, unless an interval of 

 years has elapsed. 



A character shaped like the letter s may 

 be branded upon the skin of salmon fry by 

 the aid of a thermo-cautery with small mor- 

 tality. The subsequent obliteration of the 

 wound by healing and regeneration, and fail- 

 ure of the scar to grow sufficiently with the 

 growth of the fish, are possibilities which may 

 interfere with recognition of the adults. Sal- 

 mon fry, however, are to be marked by these 

 methods on a considerable scale in Alaska, and 

 the outcpme awaited. 



By partly stupefying the salmon fry with 

 chloroform the marking and branding is 

 greatly facilitated and the loss reduced. 



A method for marking the fry of the great 

 commercial species, such as the cod, shad and 

 whitefish, is greatly desired. Such fry are 

 too small and delicate to withstand the shock 

 and handling incident to a mechanical mark. 



The last paper was by Dr. M. W. Lyon, Jr., 

 consisting of " Remarks on the Horns and the 

 Systematic Position of the American Ante- 

 lope." The history of the literature on the 

 subject of the periodic shedding of the horns 

 of the American antelope was reviewed and 

 an outline of the growth of the horns and the 

 method of shedding presented. Two abnormal 

 eases in which horns were not annually shed 

 were mentioned. Dr. Lyon concluded that in 

 structure and method of growth the horns of 

 the American antelope do not differ essentially 

 from the horns of the cattle, sheep, goats and 

 true antelopes, family Bovidae, and that the 

 genus Antilocapra should not rank as the 

 representative of the family Antilocapridse of 

 the order Artiodactyla, but as a subfamily, 

 Antilocaprinse, of the family Bovidse. Illus- 

 trations of the growing horns of males, of 

 female horns, and of an abnormal horn which 

 had not been cast off were shown. 



M. C. Marsh, 

 Recording Secretary 



THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 



At the meeting of March 3, 1908, a neck- 

 lace, consisting of a human lower jaw sus- 



pended from a string of beads and human 

 teeth, and two leather bands ornamented with 

 ends of fingers, all from the Apache and TJte 

 Indians of the southwest United States, were 

 exhibited and commented on by the president 

 and secretary, who referred to the use of parts 

 of the human body for fetichistic purposes. 

 The paper of the evening was by George R. 

 Stetson, " The Industrial Classes as Factors 

 in Racial Development." Mr. Stetson said 

 that the factory began in England under the 

 Romans and that early the evil effects of over- 

 crowding, bad air and lack of sanitation were 

 known, causing attempts to be made to allevi- 

 ate the troubles. In England, in 1906, 109,068 

 factories employed four and one fifth million 

 workers, seventy-one per cent, women and 

 children, and in Scotland sixty-eight per cent, 

 were females. Mr. Stetson named various 

 occupations which are dangerous, laundries 

 being the worst. Cotton mills are damp and 

 sometimes have 31-49 volumes of carbonic 

 acid to 1,000 volumes of air, whereas, the law 

 allows only nine volumes to 10,000 volumes 

 of air. In fact few mills are sanitary and 

 the result is to lower the weight, stature and 

 general health among children, and produce 

 rachitis and trade diseases. Much of the 

 terrible deterioration shown among recruits 

 offered is due to the perils of the modern 

 manufactory. Overcrowding, also, is a great 

 evil, which causes pauperism and disease. In 

 Sheffield, for instance, the infant death rate 

 is 236 to 1,000, and in other localities the con- 

 dition is deplorable. Mr. Stetson said that 

 deterioration is more marked than it was 

 twenty-eight years ago, and it is manifest that 

 the industrial classes must be relieved by some 

 means or the viability of the race will be de- 

 creased. The paper was discussed by Pro- 

 fessor Holmes, who said that in a small way 

 much has been done to protect the worker, 

 but to secure ideal conditions is difficult and 

 that there would probably always be a certain 

 amount of deterioration ; by Dr. Hrdlicka, who 

 said that the employment of children is the 

 chief source of danger, because the seeds of 

 disease are implanted at a period when the 

 body is undeveloped; by Major Clark, who 



