June 26, 1908] 



SCIENCE 



993 



The submergence of this area proceeded from 

 the west, the axial part being overlain by 

 Olean conglomerate, while the part of the area 

 from Allegheny Valley to the Allegheny front 

 received only the Connoquenessing sediment 

 of later age than the Olean. The correlations 

 following from the conditions described are as. 

 follows: The Pocono equals the Waverly, the 

 Burgoon at the top being the same as the 

 Logan group of Orton; the beds immediately 

 below the Olean conglomerate in western New 

 Tork and Pennsylvania are the equivalent of 

 the top of the Erie shale in Ohio; the Sala- 

 manca conglomerate is the same as the Ven- 

 ango third oil sand instead of the first oil 

 sand, as supposed by the Pennsylvania geol- 

 ogists; and the Berea sandstone is the first 

 oil sand of Venango County and the 100-foot 

 sand of southwestern Pennsylvania. 

 The Grand Gulf and Lafayette Formations in 



Northern Florida: Prederick G. Clapp. 



Overlying the Tertiary formations of north- 

 em Florida are three types of surface de- 

 posits, similar in sequence and character to 

 the Grand Gulf, Lafayette and Columbian 

 formations of adjacent states. The most re- 

 cent of the Florida deposits (Colimabian) is 

 a fine-grained, quartz sand, a few feet in 

 thickness, largely wind-blown and covering 

 nearly the entire state. This sand overlies 

 the so-called Lafayette beds with a marked 

 unconformity. The Lafayette is distin- 

 guished from the Columbian by its coarser 

 nature, its abundant water-worn quartz peb- 

 bles, its deep surface oxidation, its greater 

 thickness, and its older topography. Below it 

 is a series of quartz sands interstratified with 

 beds of plastic clay (correlating with the 

 Grand Gulf formation of Dr. E. A. Smith 

 in Alabama), the whole ranging in thickness 

 from a few feet in northeastern Florida to 

 500 feet or more in northwestern Florida. 

 This formation is of estuarine origin. In 

 northwestern Florida numerous flat-topped 

 hills have an average elevation of 250 feet, 

 and are capped by Lafayette. They appear 

 to be renmants of a once extensive terrace of 

 probable Grand Gulf age. At Pensacola the 

 records of deep borings from which fossil 

 shells have been brought up corroborate 



Smith's evidence at Mobile that his Grand 

 Gulf formation is of late Pliocene or early 

 Pleistocene age. 



The deposits hitherto classed as Lafayette 

 in northwestern Florida are complex and con- 

 sist of parts of several formations. What is 

 presumably the true Lafayette form a mantle 

 covering a wide range of topographic condi- 

 tions from the top of the 250-foot terraces to 

 the bottom of many valleys. These deposits 

 are believed to be largely of fluvio-terrestrial 

 origin, and were presumably formed during a 

 considerable period of denudation succeeding 

 the Grand Gulf deposition. Hence where the 

 Lafayette beds are of highest elevation they 

 are nearly or quite conformable with the 

 Grand Gulf and were formed early in the 

 Lafayette epoch; while similar deposits in the 

 valleys show strong unconformities and are 

 much more recent. 



Brief Discussion of the Copper Deposits of 

 Kasaan Peninsula, Southeastern Alasha: 

 C. W. Weight. (No abstract.) 



Ralph Arnold, 



Secretary 



ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY OF THE 

 UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA 



The 178th meeting was held in the main 

 lecture hall of the Chemical Laboratory, April 

 28, 1908, 7:30 p.m. The program was as 

 follows : 



" Stresses in Masonry Dams," by ProfesBor 

 William Cain. 



" Pathologic Effect of Alcohol on Animals," by 

 Professor W. DeB. MacNider. 



A. S. Wheeler, 

 Recording Secretary 



the oral opening of the nasal CAVITY IN 

 ASTROSCOPUS 



Any communication between the nasal cavi- 

 ties and oral cavity is rare among the fishes, 

 being found in the case of the Dipnoi and 

 hagfishes. 



While studying the electric organ of Astro- 

 scopus guttatus the writer found well-devel- 

 oped posterior nostrils opening into the oral 

 cavity from each nasal cavity. A brief study 



