SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XXXII. No. 811 



tricity and heat, influence of activity on the 

 development of the neurones. 



20. Ch. Chabot: Advocates the Cooperation 

 of the School and the Pamily (18 pp.). 



21. F. Bernheim: Evolution of the Prob- 

 lem of Aphasias (26 pp.). — This problem is 

 still in a process of development. The general 

 acceptance of the classical theory has disap- 

 peared, and there are novr three principal 

 divergent theories in the field: Dejerine de- 

 fends the classical localization of the affected 

 centers; Marie locates them very differently; 

 Bernheim of Nancy denies the existence of 

 verbal centers and holds that the lesions affect 

 pathways of connection. To settle the ques- 

 tion we need more clinical and pathological 

 anatomical facts, and more reliable psycho- 

 logical analysis. 



22. E. Wertheimer: Pain and Pain Nerves 

 (30 pp.). — The sensation of pain is appar- 

 ently confined to organisms with a highly de- 

 veloped nervous system. Its role is purely 

 defensive. In lower organisms there doubtless 

 exists an effective mechanism of defense 

 against destructive external agents involving 

 only appropriate reflexes without pain or con- 

 sciousness. Abundant evidence shows that 

 the sensation of pain is not due to the action 

 of the nerves of the other special senses; for 

 example, the painful impression produced by 

 an intense light arises, not from any excita- 

 tion of the fibers sensitive to light, but from 

 excitation of the ciliary nerves due to ener- 

 getic contraction of the iris. The paper gives 

 at length the evidence for the separateness of 

 the pain-nerves, discusses methods, and re- 

 views the literature dealing with the charac- 

 teristics of the pain-sensations. 



23. A. Van Gehuchten : The Peripheral 

 Nervous Pathways (20 pp.). — Gives the latest 

 results of research regarding the nature of 

 these structures, both centripetal and centrif- 

 ugal. 



24. G. Bonnier : The Double Individuality 

 of Plants (39 pp.). — With the exception of the 

 majority of the mushrooms and some algse, all 

 plants, including all the higher types, exhibit 

 the double individuality of alternating sexual 

 and asexual generations. 



25. G. Cantecour: Sociological Ethics 

 (18 pp.). — A review of modern theories. 



26. J. Larguier des Bancels : The Experi- 

 mental Study of Intelligence and WiU (15 

 pp.). — Contains brief reference to researches 

 by Binet and by Aeh, and extended presenta- 

 tation of experiments by Watt on association- 

 reactions of the predetermined type. Dwells 

 less on time results than on introspective 

 data, concerning mainly the stages and mech- 

 anism of the process, the existence and kinds 

 of intercalary images between stimulus and 

 response, the existence and nature of the 

 generic image, the fact that the directive 

 thought remains subconscious, etc. 



In the fourteenth volume of the Annee, 

 that for 1908, M. Binet announces that hence- 

 forward it will cover a more definite and lim- 

 ited field than before. It will devote particu- 

 lar attention to practical and social problems. 

 Already in previous numbers there have been 

 considered such subjects in this field as the 

 legal value of testimony, questions in peda- 

 gogy, methods of measuring the intelligence 

 of normal children, the classification and in- 

 struction of defective children, and the like. 

 These and similar researches will be con- 

 tinued, with the endeavor to render real serv- 

 ice to law and to pedagogy, to industrial or- 

 ganization, to pathology, to medico-legal 

 practise, to the individual's choice of occupa- 

 tion and profession. These are truly prac- 

 tical psychological questions, in the full sense 

 of the word. 



This number includes the following papers: 

 1. Binet and Simon: The Development of 

 Intelligence in Children (94 pp.). — The au- 

 thors have worked out a series of simple tests, 

 applicable to children between the ages of 

 three and thirteen years, for accurately plac- 

 ing them in a " metric scale " of intellectual 

 development. The methods are described in 

 full detail, so that they may be easily applied 

 by others. They believe it to be practical, 

 convenient and rapid. They have used it al- 

 ready sufficiently to assure them of the essen- 

 tial accuracy of its results. It determines 

 whether a child has reached the average 

 normal development in intelligence for his 



