AUGUST 5, 1910] 



SCIENCE 



189 



volcanic phenomena and (2) diversity of types 

 measured by viscosity of lavas, will produce a 

 rational and significant series. This series was 

 shown in tabular form. 



Twmmai, a Cumulo-volcanio Eruption in Japan, 

 1909': T. A. Jaggab, Jr., Boston, Mass. 

 This volcano is in southeastern Yezo. It be- 

 came active January 11, 1909, with culminating 

 eruption April 12. Between April 12 and April 

 23, an extraordinary, hard lava dome, a phenom- 

 enon hitherto unknown in Japan, rose within the 

 crater. The volcano otherwise is a cinder cone. 

 Size, shape and mechanism of the dome resemble 

 Pel6e and Bogoslof. The writer visited the vol- 

 cano in May, 1909, accompanied by Japanese geol- 

 ogists, and obtained photographs which were 

 shown. 



The discussion of Dr. Jaggar's two papers was 

 participated in by E. 0. Hovey, W. M. Davis, F. L. 

 Eansome, R. A. Daly, Bailey Willis, F. E. Wright, 

 Ernest Howe and the author. 



The Alaskan Earthquakes of 1899: Lawkence 

 Mabtin, Madison, Wis. (Introduced by R. S. 

 Tarr.) 



Severe tectonic earthquakes in Alaska in Sep- 

 tember, 1899, accompanied faulting, tilting and 

 warping in the Yakutat Bay region. There were 

 shocks for twenty-seven days, including five or 

 six world-shaking disturbances and hundreds of 

 minor shocks. On one day there were over fifty 

 minor shocks and two world-shaking disturbances. 

 These were recorded by seismographs throughout 

 the world. In Alaska, Yukon Territory and Brit- 

 ish Columbia the shocks of September 3 and 10 

 were felt throughout an area of at least 217,000 

 square miles on the land, and perhaps as much as 

 a million and a half square miles on the ocean. 

 Only twenty thousand persons were in the area 

 affected, two hundred and fifty close to the earth- 

 quake origin, and eight men right on one of the 

 faults, but there was no loss of life and insignifi- 

 cant damage to property. 



Structure of the Northern Portion of the Burning 

 Springs — Volcano Anticline, in Pleasants, Wood 

 and Ritchie Counties, West Virginia: F. 6. 

 Clapp, Pittsburgh, Pa. 



A careful geological examination of the north- 

 ern portion of this anticline and plotting its 

 structure on the government topographic maps 

 shows that the anticline is not even approximately 

 straight or of uniform height nor width, as has 

 generally been assumed by geologists and oil 

 operators, but is very irregular. The strike of the 

 anticline ranges from N. 20° E. to N. 10° W. 



The width of its flat crest ranges from an eighth 

 to half a mile, while the maximum altitude of 

 any given formation on the axis varies several 

 hundred feet in difl'erent portions of the anticline, 

 thus making a series of alternating domes and 

 saddles. Since the oil development here is largely 

 a matter of the past, the relations of the oil pools 

 to the structure can be well studied. It was 

 found that the productive portions of the anti- 

 cline correspond closely with the domes, while 

 between these saddles were always barren of oil 

 for distances of sometimes over two miles along 

 the axis. As a rule the shallower oil sands are 

 productive on an anticlinal crest, while the deeper 

 ones are dry there, but productive farther and 

 farther from the crest, according to relative depth. 



Discussed by I. C. White. 

 A Generalized Section through the Appalachian 

 Mountains of Maryland: Chaeu:s K. Swaetz, 

 Baltimore, Md. 



This paper presented a generalized section 

 through the Appalachian Mountains of Maryland, 

 together with a discussion of certain principles of 

 Appalachian structure. A generalized section was 

 given through the Appalachian Mountains on the 

 Maryland-Pennsylvania state line, with a detailed 

 section through the central Appalachians. It was 

 shown that there are certain principles of Ap- 

 palachian structure which characterize the region 

 discussed, and which apply to the general struc- 

 ture of the Northern Appalachians. The question 

 of the origin of canoe-shaped folds was then dis- 

 cussed briefly. Finally, the relation of the drain- 

 age system to the structure was considered. 



Discussed by Arthur Keith, A. H. Purdue and 

 the author. 



Some Instances of Floicing Wells on Anticlines: 

 F. G. Clapp, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

 Several unrecorded flowing artesian wells of a 

 peculiar type were described. The flows are from 

 unproductive oil wells in the northern Appa- 

 lachian region. The first-mentioned instance is 

 on the Burning Springs-Volcano anticline in 

 Pleasants County, W. Va. This anticline consists 

 of an alternating series of saddles and domes, and 

 the flowing wells are situated on a saddle of the 

 anticlinal crest situated midway between two 

 domes. The source of the water is one of the 

 Carboniferous sandstones, which does not rise 

 high enough in the anticline to give the requisite 

 head, the latter being presumably due to pressure 

 transmitted to the water in the sandstone from 

 overlying porous formations in the domes of the 

 anticline. The second instance is in Beaver 



