190 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XXXII. No. 814 



County, Pa. The wells are situated high up on 

 the flank of the Frederickstown anticline. The 

 water comes from depths of less than 100 feet 

 and overflows between the drive pipe and the 

 casing of the wells, the head being due to pressure 

 transmitted from more superficial formations in 

 near-by hills. Analogous instances of transmitted 

 pressure were cited from the state of Indiana. 



Discussed by A. C. Lane. 

 Local Anticlines in the Chagrin Shales at Cleve- 

 land, Ohio: Fkank R. Van Hobx, Cleveland, 0. 



Owing to grade crossing eliminations during the 

 preceding summer, considerable excavation has 

 been done along the line of the New York, Chicago 

 and St. Louis Railroad between Cedar Avenue and 

 Mayfield Road. The rock is Chagrin shale of the 

 upper Devonian, and many flexures, with limbs 

 ranging from three to ten feet long, were observed. 

 The disturbance rarely extended more than flfteen 

 feet below the surface and passed into horizontal 

 shale at the bottom and sides of the anticlines, 

 indicating that the motion was of local origin. 

 In most cases the folds are below the limit of 

 frost action, and it is believed that they have been 

 formed by local pressures due to the alteration of 

 pyrite or marcasite, which are fairly constant con- 

 stituents of the shales. The formation of ferrous 

 sulphate would require a threefold increase in 

 volume, which should cause sufiicient pressure to 

 produce the anticlines at points where the sul- 

 phides were more concentrated. 



Discussed by H. L. Fairchild. 

 An Experimental Investigation into the Flow of 



Diahase: Fkank D. Adams, Montreal, Canada. 



A paper presenting the results of an investiga- 

 tion into the flow of marble was presented at the 

 Montreal meeting. Since that time the investiga- 

 tion has been continued under a grant from the 

 Carnegie Institution, the work being extended to 

 a study of impure limestones, dolomites and 

 various silicate rocks. The present paper pre- 

 sented the results of an experimental study of the 

 deformation of a typical diabase. This deforma- 

 tion was carried on at various pressures and at 

 temperatures ranging as high as 1,000° C. The 

 resulting structures induced in the diabase are 

 described and compared with those presented by 

 rocks which have suffered deformation through 

 movements in the earth's crust. 



Discussed by H. F. Reid, Bailey Willis and the 

 author. 



Connate Waters of the Atlantic Coast: Alfred C. 

 Lane, Tufts College, Mass. 

 In previous papers before this society, the Lake 



Superior and Canadian Mining Institutes, the 

 author has called attention to the possibility of 

 admixtures of connate (originally buried) waters 

 in underground waters, especially in the Lake 

 Superior region. Waters of the Atlantic coast 

 seem also to show such admixture, sometimes of 

 an ocean higher in calcium chloride than the 

 present. 

 Changes Produced on Springs hy a Sinking Water 



Table: T. C. Hopkins, Syracuse, N. Y. 



The past two seasons have been exceptionally 

 dry in central New York. The water table has 

 consequently sunk lower than for many years. 

 Besides the drying up of many springs, wells and 

 streams, some of them have changed the kind of 

 mineral matter held in solution. A spring at 

 Edwards Falls, near Manlius, was a calcareous 

 spring until last year, when it gave off consid- 

 erable sulphur. This year it is giving off both 

 sulphur and iron oxide. Another spring four- 

 miles south of Syracuse has changed from a cal- 

 careous to a sulphur spring during the same time^ 

 Criteria for th^ Recognition of Various Types of 



Sand Grains: W. H. Sherzee, Ypsilanti, Mich. 



Microscopic studies of sand grains lead to the 

 conclusion that typical grains of glacial, beach or 

 river, dune and desert origin may be recognized 

 with considerable certainty. These characteristics 

 relate to the composition, actual and relative size, 

 shape, surface, appearance, etc., and when taken- 

 in conjunction with certain stratigraphic features 

 may throw light upon the geological history of 

 the sand rocks. An illustration was furnished by- 

 the Sylvania sandstone which is known in out- 

 crop and by means of borings about the western 

 half of Lake Erie. 



Discussed by Joseph Barrell, A. C. Lane and 

 W. M. Davis. 

 Climate and Physical Conditions of the Keewatin:- 



A. P. CoLESiAN, Toronto, Canada. 



Glacial conditions prevailed at the beginning of 

 the Huronian, but hitherto less has been known of 

 the climate of the Keewatin. It is often referred 

 to as essentially eruptive and with very different 

 conditions from the present — hot seas, etc. In 

 Ontario, where the Keewatin is best displayed, it 

 often includes thousands of feet of ordinary sedi- 

 ments, not only the puzzling iron formation, but 

 carbonaceous slate, ordinary slate, arkose, sedi- 

 mentary mica schist and gneiss and crystalline 

 limestone. The eastern Grenville series, in part 

 probably equivalent to the Keewatin, includes 

 similar rocks, but with far more limestone. It is 

 essentially a sedimentary series. Most of the 



