December 2, 1910] 



SCIENCE 



773 



bourne and Salmon that Texas fever in 

 cattle is carried by a tick, the discovery by 

 Ross in 1898 that malaria is carried by cer- 

 tain mosquitoes, the discovery by Reed, 

 Carroll and Lazear in 1900 that yellow 

 fever is carried by a mosquito, and the 

 later numerous discoveries of the role of 

 insects in the carriage of diseases of man 

 and animals have still further intensified 

 public interest in entomologj' and have 

 sho^^■n anew the importance of entomolog- 

 ical education. Here economic entomology 

 has touched a new side of human interest; 

 it is the health of man and not the pres- 

 ervation of his property that is concerned, 

 and the interest, therefore, has become a 

 more vital one. 



In 1894 the Mexican cotton boll weevil 

 was discovered within the territory of the 

 United States, and its spread to the north 

 and east year after year has presented 

 an enormous problem in economic zoology. 

 The tremendous damage it has done and 

 the fears it has aroused in other cotton- 

 growing countries have threatened a dis- 

 turbance in the balance of trade for the 

 entire world. The investigation which has 

 been carried on has been liberally sup- 

 ported by the general government, and 

 many trained men have been employed iu 

 the work. 



The present commanding position which 

 the United States holds in entomologj' and 

 the wide-spread interest felt in all entomo- 

 logical questions, the increased support of 

 the government in this direction, and the 

 increased attention given to education in 

 economic zoologj% are then mainly due to 

 the establishment of the experiment sta- 

 tions, to the advent of the gipsy moth, to 

 the spread of the San Jose scale in the 

 east, to the discoveiy of the carriage of 

 disease by insects and to the remarkable 

 and disastrous spread of the cotton boll 

 weevil throughout the south. There are 



many other causes, such as the recent very 

 great development of interest in the prac- 

 tical handling of the parasites and preda- 

 tory enemies of injurious species, but these 

 need not be detailed at this time. I have 

 said enough perhaps to explain why there 

 are so many trained entomologists at pres- 

 ent and why the agricultural colleges are 

 training so many more ; and that brings us 

 to the immediate question of the training 

 of economic zoologists. 



In an address on "The State and Zool- 

 ogy" given at Baltimore in December, 

 1900, I called attention to the fact that 

 university teachers should make a study 

 of the markets for the brains and training 

 of their students; they should study the 

 conditions of those markets and their 

 needs. I showed that the men in charge of 

 university departments of scientific work 

 should keep closely in touch with the gov- 

 ernment work along similar lines ; that they 

 should be encouraged to do so by the gov- 

 ernment; that the government should em- 

 ploy their services where they can be of 

 use, and that they themselves should be 

 able with the intimate knowledge acquired 

 bj' oificial association or by close investiga- 

 tion of government work, to lay out lines 

 of study which will fit their students to 

 take a hand in government work. This, I 

 am glad to say, has been done by several 

 of the teachers of zoology in the agricul- 

 tural colleges, and by none more success- 

 full}' than by the Fernalds, of the Massa- 

 chusetts Agricultural College. The men 

 they have turned out have taken good rank 

 among the experts of the state and govern- 

 ment departments. In the bureau of 

 which I am the chief I have secured some 

 of our most valuable workers from this 

 college. Among them I maj' mention A. 

 F. Burgess, W. E. Hinds, W. A. Hooker, 

 A. W. MorriU, E. A. Back, H. M. Russell, 

 H. P. Wood, J. H. Hyslop, F. H. Jones, 



