Febbtjakt 17, 1911] 



SCIENCE 



239 



ment to which the appointment is to be 

 made." Associate professors "may be ap- 

 pointed by the academic senate, after con- 

 sultation with the faculty of the school to 

 which the appointment is to be made." 

 The academic senate consists of the rector 

 as president, the vice rector, the general 

 secretary, the presidents of the university 

 colleges, the deans of the faculties and two 

 professors from each faculty. 



At Johns Hopkins appointments are 

 made by the board upon the recommenda- 

 tion of the academic council. This council 

 consists of the president and ten pro- 



At Minnesota appointments are made 

 upon the recommendation of the dean of 

 the college concerned after consultation 

 with the president. In this case the usual 

 positions of the dean and president are re- 

 versed. 



At Pennsylvania the faculties of the 

 several schools make recommendations for 

 appointment and promotion to the trustees 

 and provost. In ease the provost does not 

 concur in a recommendation, he retains the 

 right of veto; but as a matter of fact has 

 in no case exercised it. 



At Yale "nominations for positions in 

 the faculty of any existing depai-tment ex- 

 cept the graduate school shall come orig- 

 inally from the permanent officers or gov- 

 erning board of that department." The 

 term department, as here used, is equiva- 

 lent to school or college. The faculty of 

 the school or college acts upon the recom- 

 mendation of a committee of five pro- 

 fessors appointed by the dean, two at 

 least of which are from departments of 

 study outside of the vacant professorship. 

 This committee after conference with the 

 president and dean presents its recom- 

 mendations to the faculty of the school or 

 college. The recommendation of the school 

 or college is transmitted to the corpora- 



tion. In the graduate school the nomina- 

 ting committee is appointed by the presi- 

 dent rather than the dean. 



Also at Harvard in the medical school 

 the recommendations are made to the gov- 

 erning board by the full professors instead 

 of by the president. 



The procedure at Columbia is somewhat 

 exceptional in the matter of appointments, 

 in that recommendations to the trustees for 

 men of professorial rank are by their own 

 board of education. Since, however, the 

 president presents the names and records 

 of the persons proposed with his expres- 

 sion of opinion concerning them, the result 

 is the same as if he made formal recom- 

 mendation to the board; and therefore Co- 

 lumbia is included in this class of insti- 

 tutions. 



In the case of the academic senate of the 

 Catholic University, the academic council 

 of Hopkins, the faculty of Yale, the presi- 

 dent is a member; and at Yale he must be 

 consulted by the faculty nominating com- 

 mittee; not only so, but "no decision of 

 the faculty shall be valid which does not 

 receive the concurrence of the president 

 unless it shall be discussed and approved 

 by the corporation. ' ' 



Therefore it is clear that even in these 

 five cases the president has much influence 

 in the matter of appointments, etc. Since 

 the president makes the recommendations 

 to the governing board as to appointments, 

 promotions and removals in the case of 

 seventeen institutions and his recommenda- 

 tions are usually accepted, the point of 

 paramount importance in connection with 

 appointments and promotions is as to the 

 manner in which the president exercises 

 his authority. As we have already seen, in 

 three institutions, the president is required 

 to advise with a definite body of officers 

 before acting. In one case the president 

 has a definitely announced plan of taking 



