Apeil 14, 1911J 



SCIENCE 



571 



List of Names 



Lippincott's "Biographical Dictionary," edition of 1895. 



Same dictionary. 



Americans born A.D. 1785-A.D. 1794 



Born A.D. 1795-A.D. 1804 



Born A.D. 1805-A.D. 1814 



Born A.D. 1815-A.D. 1824 



Born A.D. 1825-A.D. 1834 



Born A.D. 1835-A.D. 1854 



Average of the above six lists 



Same dictionary, Americans who liave received any ad- 

 jectives of praise 



Same dictionary, Americans who have been allotted extra 

 space (20 lines) 



Same dictionary, Americans about whom books have been 

 written 



Same dictionary, practical types only. Bankers, mer- 

 chants, lawyers, politicians, government officials, engi- 

 neers, manufacturers, soldiers 



Same dictionary, selected list of the greater among the 

 practical types. ( Adjective, space and biographical 

 method combined- )..... 



"Who's Who in America," edition 1908-0.1 



" Who's Who in America," practical types only (initials 

 A-C) 



"Who's Who in America," lawyers, judges, congress- 

 men, government officials (initials A-C) 



"Who's Who in America," engineers, inventors, archi- 

 tects (A-C) 



"Who's Who in America," army and navy (A-C) 



"Who's Who in America," business men, financiers, 

 railway officials, manufacturers (A-C) 



"American Men of Science," 1906, all persons 



"American Men of Science," 1906, the leading thousand 



" American Men of Science," 1910, the leading thousand. 



Hall of fame (list .flightlv extended as in Science, N.S. 



Vol. XXXII., No. 813, p. 1.58) 



Total in 

 the List 

 Born in 

 U. S. A, 



3,227 



302 

 370 

 464 

 513 

 363 

 343 

 2,355 



320 



234 



129 



232 

 14,227 



1,131 



580 



134 

 170 



247 



about 



4,000 



867 



874 



50 



96 

 97 

 74 

 58 

 479 



95 



67 



60 

 1,650 



16 



18 



38 



436 



134 

 131 



Number 

 Born in 

 Virginia 



22 

 25 

 23 

 33 

 19 

 15 

 137 



23 



20 



29 

 493 



3 

 5 



2 



not yet 



calculated 



14 



17 



Batios, or Number of Times 

 the Random Expectation 



Accordingto the Population 

 at the Time of their Birth 



p = 2.8 



= 2.1 



= 2.2 

 = 2.6 

 = 2.9 

 = 3.6 

 = 3.5 

 = 2.8 



= 3.8 



= 3.6 



= 3.9 



p = 3.4 



P = 3.0 

 p = 2.6 



/3 = 2.5 

 p = 2.5 



p = 3.2 

 p = 2.7 

 p = 3.4 



p=3:4 



P = 3.3 



P= .6 

 P= .6 

 P= .5 



P= .6 

 P= .65 



P= .8 

 P= .9 



p = 1.03 



P = l.l 

 P= .9 



P= .8 



P= .9 



P= .5 



p= .7 



P= .4 

 P= .5 



p= .9 



Two such methods of grading we fortunately 

 possess in the compilations known as " Who's 

 Who in America," and " American Men of 

 Science." The ratios for Massachusetts do not 

 fall. They dove-tail in with the ratios from 

 Lippincott's. Hence we may conclude that the 

 differentiations found in Lippincott's are not 

 caused by unjust historical tradition and, 

 furthermore, as far as one can see they are 

 not in part caused by the same. " Who's Who 

 in America " has been often used as an ob- 

 jective basis for sociological inquiries, but the 

 ■criticism has been made that this book gives 

 undue inclusion of authors and professors. I 

 think this criticism is unjust. About forty 



per cent, of the whole fall under the more 

 practical types enumerated in Table I. These 

 I have considered separately as far as the 

 initials A, B and C. They yield a ratio for 

 Massachusetts of p = 2.5, which is very close 

 to that for the whole book p = 2.6. The same 

 for Lippincott's is p ^ 2.4, which is not in its 

 exact theoretical position, as it should be 

 higher than that drawn from " Who's Who in 

 America." It will, of course, be appreciated 

 that the clearing up of small disagreements 

 like this requires further analysis and the 

 computation of the probable errors. 



The ratios from Virginia I present in this 

 abstract merely as a general contrast to Massa- 



