24 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XL. No. 1018 



of New Mexico and Arizona, Dr. Walter 

 Hough, of the TJ. S. National Museum, states 

 that among thousands of interesting and valu- 

 able objects pertaining to the lives of the early 

 inhabitants, many dried vegetables, fruits, and 

 other perishable articles were found, as well as 

 a desiccated turkey. In a cave which formed 

 the rear chamber of a row of ruined stone 

 abodes, on the banks of the Tularosa Eiver, a 

 tributary of the San Francisco Eiver, the ex- 

 plorers found much material representative of 

 the domestic life of the ancient dwellers. 

 Upon excavation, this cave room yielded its 

 treasures in sections as it were, different 

 depths offering distinctly marked periods of 

 occupation. Among the objects of importance 

 was a brush made of grass stems bound in a 

 round bundle, similar to those in use by the 

 Pueblo Indians of to-day. During the habita- 

 tion of this cave four burials had been made at 

 diilerent times, shown by the different levels 

 from which the digging had been begun. In 

 one corner near a rock mass some small bows 

 and arrows, and other offerings were un- 

 earthed, indicating the location of an ancient 

 shrine. From the rubbish and debris the re- 

 mains of several mammals and birds were 

 identified ; among them, deer, pronghorn, bison, 

 woodchuck, mice, rats, muskrats, rabbits, lynx, 

 fox, skunk, bear, a hawk, an adult turkey, 

 chicks and eggs, and many feathers of other 

 birds, all of which occupied the cave at one 

 time or another, or were killed and stored 

 there by the early Indians. From early his- 

 torical reports, it has been understood that the 

 Pueblos raised turkeys, but the discovery of 

 this desiccated adult and chicks proves con- 

 clusively that turkeys were kept in captivity, 

 probably for their feathers, which were used 

 in the manufacture of native garments. Ears 

 and scattered grains of corn of a smooth and 

 short grain, in yellow corn, blue and carmine 

 but much faded with aging, were also found, 

 as well as the remains and seeds of gourds, 

 squashes, beans, other vegetables and fruits 

 and nuts. In the Tularosa cave there was pot- 

 tery of a rude form, while from several large 

 open-air pueblos examples of a very fine finish 

 and ornamentation were collected. The de- 



signs on the bowls commonly consist of four 

 elements based on the world quarters, the bot- 

 tom usually being circular and blank. Other 

 designs are of combined hatched and solid 

 color, or of a checkered variety. Many small 

 collections of pottery were found in caves and 

 springs where they had been deposited as offer- 

 ings. 



According to Ernest F. Burchard, of the 

 U. S. Geological Survey, the total quantity of 

 Portland, natural and puzzolan cement pro- 

 duced in the United States last year was the 

 greatest in the history of the cement industry, 

 amounting to 92,949,102 barrels, valued at 

 $93,001,169, compared with 83,351,191 barrels, 

 valued at $67,461,513, in 1912. The total pro- 

 duction of Portland cement in 1913 as re- 

 ported to the Geological Survey was 92,097,131 

 barrels, valued at $92,557,617; the production 

 for 1912 was 82,438,096 barrels, valued at $67,- 

 016,028. The quantity of Portland cement 

 produced, 92,097,131 barrels, is equivalent to 

 15,623,620 long tons. Compared with the pro- 

 duction of pig iron for 1913, which was 30,966,- 

 301 long tons, the Portland cement production 

 is nearly 50.5 per cent, of the quantity of pig 

 iron. Of the 113 producing plants in the 

 United States in 1913, 23 were in the state of 

 Pennsylvania, whose output was 28,701,845 

 barrels of Portland cement, the largest quan- 

 tity produced by any one state. The second 

 greatest production came from Indiana, with 

 10,872,574 barrels, and California was third, 

 with 6,159,182 barrels. The natural cement 

 produced in the United States in 1913 

 amounted to 744,658 barrels of 265 pounds 

 each, valued at $345,889, compared with an 

 output of 821,231 barrels, valued at $367,222, 

 in 1912, a decrease in 1913 of 76,573 barrels 

 and of $21,333 in value. Puzzolan cement 

 was manufactured in 1913 at three plants in 

 the United States, in Alabama, Ohio and 

 Pennsylvania. The output of puzzolan and 

 CoUos cements in 1913 was 107,313 barrels, 

 valued at $97,663, compared with 91,864 bar- 

 rels, valued at $77,363 in 1912, an increase in 

 quantity of 15,449 barrels and in value of $20,- 

 300. The United States has a comparatively 

 small export trade in cement. In 1913 the 



