64 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XL. No. 1019 



of steppes, tundras and forests in the same 

 region, he must recognize that the time has 

 been very long — so long, that the few thousands 

 of years since history began seem insignificant 

 in comparison. 



John J. Stevenson 



The Psychology of Maiiagement. By L. M. 



Gilbert, M.L., New York, Sturgis and 



"Walton. 1914. Pp. 344. $2.00 net. 



The gap between psychology and industry 

 is being bridged both by psychologists, who 

 write of industry, and by industrial engineers, 

 who attempt to point out the psychological 

 laws underlying the success of their practise. 

 This book is of special interest since it is 

 written by a woman worker in an industrial 

 laboratory where the give and take of psychol- 

 ogy and technology is being encouraged in 

 many interesting ways. 



The book aims " not so much to instruct as 

 to aiouse an interest in its subject and to point 

 the way whence instruction comes." In the 

 mind of the reviewer, these aims are fully real- 

 ized. The main theme is that modern form of 

 management generally known as the " Taylor 

 system." In this book the art of management 

 attempts to become conscious and to develop 

 or borrow a vocabulary. Management is de- 

 fined as " the art of directing activity," and by 

 the psychology of management is meant "the 

 effect of the mind that is directing work upon 

 that work which is directed, and the effect of 

 undirected and directed work upon the mind 

 of the worker." Such topics as the following 

 indicate the general scope of the various chap- 

 ters: selection of individual workers; proper 

 instructions; functionalization of tasks; defi- 

 nition of duties and qualifications; motion 

 studies and time measurements; analysis and 

 standardization of task, tools, methods and 

 materials; records, routing and work pro- 

 grams; the role of the various ts^pes of direct 

 and indirect incentives (punishment, reward, 

 prizes, bonus, profit sharing, etc.) ; welfare 

 work; attitudes of employer and employee and 

 their effect on work ; methods and measurement 

 of teaching; aids in learning; effective distri- 

 bution of effort. Cooperation is urged in the 



accumulation of standardized industrial rec- 

 ords for the purposes of psychological analysis. 



As might be expected, the psychology of man- 

 agement, in its present state, shows several 

 traits similar to those displayed by the science 

 of education in its earlier days. In the present 

 book, for instance, there is artificial systemati- 

 zation and an occasional lapse into discursive 

 generality. There is a somewhat labored at- 

 tempt to suggest forward movement in the 

 thought by means of divisions and paragraph 

 headings in the text; many paragraphs consist 

 of a single sentence. There is an apparent at- 

 tempt to give test-book form to a subject that 

 is not yet ready for it. 



In spite of these remediable features the 

 book is a real contribution to applied psychol- 

 ogy as well as to the work of the student of 

 efficiency engineering. It well typifies the 

 growing tendencies toward cooperation be- 

 tween science and practise and suggests a 

 stimulating program for future work. Ap- 

 plied psychologists should not fail to make 

 themselves acquainted with the Gilbreth lab- 

 oratory. 



h. l. hollingworth 



Columbia TJniversitt 



Monographien einheimischer Tiere. Bd. 5, Die 

 Strudelwiirmer (Turbellaria). Von Privat- 

 DozENT Dr. p. Steinmann und Professor Dr. 

 E. Bresslau. Pp. xi + 380, 2 pis., 156 figs, 

 in text. Bd. 6, Tintenfische mit besonderer 

 Beriicksichtigung von Sepia und Octopus. 

 Von Dr. Werner Th. Meyer. Pp. 148, 

 1 pi., 81 figs, in text (Klinkhardt, Leipzig). 

 The latest numbers in the admirable series 

 of monographs prepared under the editorship 

 of Professors H. E. Ziegler, of Stuttgart, and 

 R. Woltereck, of Leipzig, both deal with ani- 

 mals widely used in experimental or in mor- 

 phological work in the biological laboratories 

 of our universities and colleges, and both are 

 particularly welcoma The volume dealing 

 with the turbellarians is doubly welcome, since 

 no brief and comprehensive treatise has dealt 

 with these easily obtained and widely utilized 

 animals since Benham's (1901) short account 

 in Lankester's " Treatise on Zoology." More- 



