July 31, 1914] 



SCIENCE 



161 



third largest gain, 3,126,079 tons, whicli wa3 

 also the largest percentage of increase, amount- 

 ing to 19 per cent., of all the important coal- 

 producing states. Indiana was fourth, Illinois 

 fifth, Ohio sixth, and Alabama seventh. While 

 the total increase was very large as figured in 

 tons, the percentage is what may be considered 

 normal and indicative of healthy industrial 

 activity throughout the country. 



Coal mining, like all other industries in the 

 Ohio Valley states, was seriously interfered 

 with by the great floods during the spring of 

 1913, and Mr. Parker estimates that from 5 to 

 10 million tons of coal would have been added 

 to the year's output but for this disaster. With 

 no violent fluctuations in the demand by the 

 blast furnaces, steel works, and other manu- 

 facturing industries, the demand for coal for 

 those purposes shows only a normal increase. 

 The continued decrease in the use of fuel oil 

 in the Mid-Continent oil field and the strike 

 in the Colorado coal mines resulted in an in- 

 creased output of coal in the central and 

 southwestern states. With a few exceptions, 

 notably in Illinois, Indiana and Oklahoma, 

 values ranged higher than in former normal 

 years, so that from the producers' standpoint 

 the conditions in 1913 were fairly satisfactory. 



The development of our coal-mining indus- 

 try with reference to population presents some 

 interesting comparisons. In 1850 the coal 

 output was 7,018,181 tons, or 0.3 ton for each 

 of the 23,191,876 inhabitants; in 1880 the 

 population had increased to about 50,000,000 

 and the production of coal to about 71,000,000 

 tons; an average of 1.42 tons per capita. At 

 the close of the nineteenth century the popu- 

 lation was 76,303,387, an increase of a little 

 over 50 per cent, as compared with 1880, while 

 the production of coal had increased nearly 

 400 per cent, in the same period and averaged 

 3.53 tons for each person. In 1913 the per 

 capita production was figured at 5.85 tons. 

 In addition to this increase in the consumption 

 of coal, the use in recent years of petroleum 

 and natural gas should also be considered. 



The coal mines of the country gave employ- 

 ment in 1913 to an army of nearly three 

 quarters of a million men — 747,644. The 



average number of days worked by the bitu- 

 minous miners in 1913 was 232, against 223 in 

 1912, while the average time made in the 

 anthracite mines in 1913 was the best on 

 record — 257 days for each man. The average 

 production per miner in the bituminous mines 

 increased from 820 tons in 1912 to 838 tons 

 in 1913, both being record-breaking averages, 

 while anthracite miners increased their aver- 

 age from 485 tons in 1912 to 532 tons in 1913. 



THE SOCKEFELLEB INSTITUTE FOB 

 MEDICAL BESEABCH 



The board of scientific directors of the 

 EockefeUer Institute for Medical Eesearch 

 announces the following appointments and 

 promotions : 



Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, hitherto an associate mem- 

 ber in the department of pathology and bacteriol- 

 ogy, has been made a member of the institute. 



Dr. Alfred E. Cohn, hitherto an associate in 

 medicine, has been made an associate member for 

 the term of three years. 



Dr. Wade H. Brown, hitherto an associate in the 

 department of pathology and bacteriology, has 

 been made an associate member for the term of 

 three years. 



The following assistants have been made 

 associates : 



Harold Lindsay Amoss, M.D. (pathology and 

 bacteriology). 



Arthur William Mickle Ellis, M.D (medicine). 



Thomas Stotesbury Githens, M.D. (physiology 

 and pharmacology). 



Israel Simon Kleiner, M.D. (physiology and 

 pharmacology). 



Alphonse Eaymond Dochez, M.D. (medicine). 

 Dr. Dochez has also been appointed resident physi- 

 cian in the hospital to succeed Dr. Swift. 



The following fellows have been made 



assistants : 



Frederick Lament Gates, M.D. (physiology and 

 pharmacology) . 



Louise Pearce, M.D. (pathology and bacteriol- 

 ogy)- 



The following new appointments are an- 

 nounced : 



Chester Harmon Allen, M.S., fellow in chemis- 

 try. 



