238 



SCIENCE 



[N. S. Vol. XL. No. 1024 



francs to Dr. Fr. Croze, for the purchase of a 

 concave diffraction grating- and a 16 cm. ob- 

 jective, to be used in vcork on the Zeeman phe- 

 nomena in line and band spectra ; 6,000 francs 

 to Dr. Hemsalech, for the purchase of a reson- 

 ance transformer and battery of condensers, 

 to be used in his spectroseopical researches; 

 2,000 francs to P. Lais, for assisting the publi- 

 cation of the photographic star map; 2,000 

 francs to M. Pellegrin, to assist him in pur- 

 suing his researches and continuing his publi- 

 cations concerning African fishes ; 2,000 francs 

 to Dr. Trousset, to assist him in his studies of 

 the minor planets; 2,000 francs to M. Vigou- 

 roux, to enable him to continue his researches 

 on silicon and its different varieties; 3,000 

 francs to M. Ailuaud, to assist the publication 

 (with Dr. E. Jeannel) of the scientific results 

 of three expeditious to eastern and central 

 Africa; 9,000 francs divided equally betveeen 

 MM. Pitart, de Gironcourt and Lecointre, 

 members of the Morocco expedition, for scien- 

 tific study, organized by the Societe de Geo- 

 graphie; 2,000 francs to M. Vasseur, for the 

 continuation of his geological excavations in 

 a fossil-bearing stratum in Lot-et-Garonne ; 

 3,500 francs to Dr. Mauguin, for the continua- 

 tion of his work on liquid crystals and the re- 

 markable phenomena presented by these bod- 

 ies when placed in a magnetic field; 2,000 

 francs to Dr. Anthony, to defray the cost of 

 his researches on the determinism of morpho- 

 logical characters and the action of primary 

 factors during evolution; 4,000 francs to M. 

 Andoyer, to assist the publication of his new 

 set of trigonometrical tables; 4,000 francs to 

 M. Benard, to enable him to continue, on a 

 larger scale, his researches on experimental 

 hydrodynamics; 2,000 francs to Dr. Chau- 

 venet, for the continuation of his researches 

 on zirconium and the complex combinations of 

 that element ; 2,000 francs to Frangois Pranck, 

 for the chronograpliie study of the develop- 

 ment of the embryo, with special examination 

 of the rhythmic function of the heart; 2,000 

 francs to M. Sauvageau, for the pursuit of his 

 studies on the marine algse. The committee 

 recommends these eighteen grants after con- 

 sidering nearly sixty applications for assist- 



ance. The amount allocated for the year is 

 54,500 francs. 



Wide variation in the pay for the same or 

 similar work is one of the most striking situa- 

 tions revealed by the investigation of teachers' 

 salaries just completed by the TJ. S. Bureau of 

 Education, under the direction of J. C. Boy- 

 kin, editor of the Bureau. Public elementary 

 school-teachers may receive $2,400 a year, as 

 some do in New York City, or $45 a year, as in 

 certain rural communities. Even in cities of 

 the same class there are considerable differ- 

 ences in the salaries paid teachers. On the 

 administrative side there are county superin- 

 tendents with pay ranging from $115 to $4,000 

 per annum, and college presidents receiving 

 salaries from $900 to $12,400. In city school 

 systems salaries have increased steadily in re- 

 cent years, particularly in the western states; 

 and, in general, salaries in city school systems 

 are fairly well standardized. The average sal- 

 ary of the superintendent of schools in cities 

 of over 250,000 population is $7,178 ; the range 

 is from $4,000 to $10,000. In the same group 

 of cities high-school principals average $3,565 

 and elementary teachers $1,018. Even in the 

 smallest cities listed, those between 5,000 and 

 10,000 population, salaries are fairly uniform. 

 The maximum for superintendents in this 

 group is $3,600 and the average $1,915; but 

 elementary teachers show an annual average of 

 $533, with salaries as high as $1,350 and as 

 low as $104. It is in the colleges and univer- 

 sities that the widest variation prevails. The 

 salaries of men with the rank of " professor " 

 range from $450 to $7,500. " Professors " in 

 some institutions receive less than " instruc- 

 tors " or even " assistants " in others. Salar- 

 ies of deans of these institutions vary from 

 $500 to $5,000. University teachers of sub- 

 jects for which there is direct commercial de- 

 mand outside receive somewhat higher salaries 

 than those in charge of the traditional aca- 

 demic subjects, but the difference is less than 

 might be expected. The highest average sal- 

 aries for full professors are paid in law and 

 civil engineering. Law claims the highest 

 paid professorship in any subject, with one 

 salary of $7,500; but there are professors of 



